One version of it that I have used is "virtual" prepaid cards. The way it works is that I can use my online banking account to create a new "virtual" card and load it with a fixed amount from my bank account. A new single-use credit / debit card number (by Visa or Mastercard) would be generated with CVV and expiry date that I can use online anywhere. It provides an easy and secure way of transacting online without providing the Primary Card / Account information to the merchant. Another version I wasn't aware, has been explained here in another comment - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32238813 ...