I can assure you standardizing things is not something Germany is good at.
https://styleguide.bundesregierung.de/sg-de/
Edit: under “Hilfsmittel” there‘s a “Web Component Library”, hidden behind a login.
Switzerland was a confederation prior to 1848, the now inaccurate name stuck for I assume sentimental reasons. The issue of republics is orthogonal to the topic under discussion.
Well... at a federal level there is, but it's a confederacy so most of the time you're interacting with a local canton which has it's own set of systems.
2. So. Much. Bureaucracy.
3. Another factor that doesnt help is that the government pays quite poorly compared to the private companies. Any semi talented dev will find a better position than working for the government
Number 3 is the same in Denmark. You can almost double your salary if you work for the private sector.
However, I believe it's mostly the federal ministries that use it.