Making sovereigns pay for trashing the commons is tricky for obvious reasons. But we don't have those problems with corporations.
And if you can get them to agree to pay, who is a suitable body that they can be convinced to pay it _to_ ? I'm pretty sure that any arm of the US government, or US parastatal body, would not be acceptable. It's an international governance problem.
1) https://www.space.com/3415-china-anti-satellite-test-worriso...
Seize assets of nation-state entities (or entities controlled by the Chinese state) like airplanes and ships or bank funds, release them after payment.
[1] https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article13485097/Boeing-von-Th...
I don't think it's a bad idea to be proactive about space cleanup, rather than reactive.