Since there's no way to judge the required sample size based on the information, it's extremely likely that option A was something specifically discussed.
Since there's no way to judge the required sample size based on the information, it's extremely likely that option A was something specifically discussed.
"What is the best plan of action for the university?"
"Best" meaning what?
I wouldn't be shocked this is a higher order effect of too much of certain 20th century French philosophers. We can't even make test questions that aren't bullshit.
There literally should be a none of the above choice because of lack of information in the question.
The philosophical part might be the point
If there is a problem, it is the multiple choice format. This issue of handling incomplete datasets would be make a good essay question.
That said, it is perfectly reasonable to choose D and work with the information you have. That is what real world clinic studies do when they report the number of people who dropped out of a study.
It is also reasonable to choose A and attempt to get better coverage. That is what real world election pollsters do.
Universities have decided that making calculus as capricious as possible serves their interests of having a weeder class.
However, it is quite risky, since it probably wouldn’t stand in court, e.g. when a failed student sues the school.