IMO, this is almost certainly a badly-written question with a single “correct” answer, A.

The common thread is that they all answers are related to “non-response bias.”

This is the type of Q that results from question-writers that have (1) no deep stats background/passion and (2) a list of textbook concepts to write multiple choice Qs for.

I used to go CRAZY in school, until I started thinking of these Qs not as “what’s the answer” and more “what answer is most likely to result in a question like this?”