International banks have spearheaded an absolute explosion in global economic growth. Looking at your story above, Philip was the bad actor and the Templars should've played politics better (maybe lending money to the pope as well?)
I assumed it's the other way around. Economic growth comes from technical and cultural advancements. Banks are a symptom of that growth.
In those days, it was a huge deal to be able to pay a merchant in France by giving gold, or even a paper representing ownership of gold, to a bank in England. Before, you had to send the money on a ship and hope for the best.
International banks led to a massive explosion in trade and global prosperity.
Think of it as shipping-gold-as-a-service.
At the frontier (fully developed economies operating at the current max GDP per capita).
For developing economies, it is just expanding our existing technological advancements into their systems
The Pope was the owner of everything. It was, after all, a catholic order. The game here was very much the King of France attacking the money power of the Church, instead of an isolated problem with the Templars.