Exploring the Intersection of Data Science and Philosophy!
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To bring this fully to the domain of epistemology, you could go further: why are certain markers of quality or measures of representativeness valid? If we develop a measure and it gives us a particular answer, can we tell whether the data or the measure is at fault.[1]
> [statistical significance] refers to the likelihood that a result or relationship observed in a sample is not simply due to chance, but rather reflects a genuine trend or pattern in the population.
This is in general not correct — statistical significance is about the probability of an observation assuming that the null hypothesis is true.[1] There is a narrow context in which you could interpret a p-value as being about the probability that there is a true effect: if you're doing Bayesian inference with a flat prior, but that is itself a very strong claim to make.
[0]: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/measurement-science/#TheL... [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misuse_of_p-values#Clarificati...
[1] category theory : https://bartoszmilewski.com/2014/10/28/category-theory-for-p...