For context (and I say that as a Rust developer), please note that Rust has the same strength/weakness as Node in terms of dependencies.
There is ongoing work to strengthen this. I do not know the status.
There is ongoing work to strengthen this. I do not know the status.
If you downloaded a binary or installed it from your distro's repo, generally you just need to update that one binary, yes.
You may get some libc-issues if you try to run a binary built for a newer Linux on an older Linux, unless it is built to target musl - don’t remember the details 100%