I saw RealPage's crappy rent-jacking-up software so you don't have to
cohost.org
cohost.org
It's hard to imagine a clearer, more blatant description of cartel price fixing.
This is like calling your pyramid scheme "Pyramidal Inc.".
Sure seems like RealPage is price fixing then
Essentially, one can configure RealPage (and RealPage seems to make this suggestion) to use their auto-price tool by default and require management approvals if employees want to set the price to something else.
If I'm buying a Playstation at Walmart, chances are the person at the checkout counter can't change the price directly and give me a discount. They probably can call over a manager who could approve a price change because they can see I'm a really cool person who should get $50 off this Playstation.
I agree the article is very clear. The approvals team is the management of the property.
From the article:
> If there is a disagreement between the participating Lessor and the RealPage Pricing Advisor, the dispute is often elevated to the Lessor’s management for resolution, and specific reasons justifying a departure from RealPage’s pricing level are usually required.
This snippet is in the "..." from the above comment. Funny they snipped out this extremely critical part of the quote to show who does the approval.
Where does it say RealPage employees need to approve the price?
I'm just stating this idea that many seem to have here that these prices are being enforced behind RealPage support agents manually approving price changes is incorrect. In fact, property managers can choose to just not use this price tool at all, and manually set their prices, which can also require employees to submit approvals for price changes.
The whole "await approval" thing isn't the problem, that's just normal for lots of places. Lots of places require some kind of management approval to adjust prices.
Just like the person at the checkout counter can't just arbitrarily sell me a PS5 for $5.
By whom? It's rather ambiguous (as is so oftent he case with the passive voice), I can see how you and the other person drew different interpretations.
It's difficult to imagine a reason why a property owner should have to appeal to "management" to vary the prices of their own asset that doesn't involve "management" being an cartel body.
Similarly, if that store manager at Walmart you mentioned had to seek approval from the same advisor that does prices for K-mart and Target to adjust the amount on the till, I don't think one could argue that this wasn't price fixing so long as he was still able to get you the discount by petitioning the Walton Family...
Nowhere in here did it say these people needing to submit the approvals had pricing responsibility. Even if you did have people manually create the prices you'd probably still require your front line leasing agents to submit approvals for listed prices. In this case, those with the pricing responsibility configured their tool to use the algorithmic pricing to automatically set the price instead of manually setting the prices, and deviating from that automatic price requires approval.
> who is typically the only party in the loop with the ability to settle the disagreement
This is not true as well. If the person does have pricing responsibility, they can just set the price to whatever. If they don't, it gets set to approvals for whoever does, which would probably be someone in that employee's management chain. And by management I mean the leasing company or management company or ownership. Not RealPage.
> Similarly, that store manager at Walmart you mentioned should have to seek approval from the same advisor that does prices for K-mart and Target
Once again, this isn't requiring approval from the RealPage Pricing Advsior. Nowhere does this article actually state the approval has to come from RealPage or that RealPage actually has the power to block price changes. This is requiring approval from whoever at the property actually has pricing responsibility, whoever that may be. Chances are it isn't the front of line leasing agent though.
It's right there in the text of the lawsuit:
>> ...If Lessors wish to diverge from the “approved pricing” they must submit reasoning for doing so and await approval. RealPage encourages participating Lessors to have daily calls between the Lessors’ employees with pricing responsibility and the RealPage Pricing Advisor.
>> 52. If there is a disagreement between the participating Lessor and the RealPage Pricing Advisor, the dispute is often elevated to the Lessor’s management for resolution, and specific reasons justifying a departure from RealPage’s pricing level are usually required. But RealPage emphasizes the need for discipline among participating Lessors and urges them that for its coordinated algorithmic pricing to be the most successful in increasing rents, participating Lessors must adopt RealPage’s pricing at least 80% of the time
Now you can reasonably dispute whether the Lessor employee carrying out day to day responsibilities actually has pricing responsibility if they're unable to vary prices by themselves, but what is not normal is that the higher pricing authority which usually doesn't need an approval process appears to sit with employees of what is notionally a third party software vendor for a lot of notionally competing landlords
[nb I edited my previous post slightly whilst you were replying. Slight change of phrasing but I don't think it materially affects your reply]
I do dispute it, because it even suggests later that "the dispute is often elevated to the Lessor’s management for resolution". It implies some percentage of these disputes don't bother getting elevated, probably because that user actually did have pricing authority and could just change the price. Most users of the system would not have this permission. Just like most employees at the checkout counter can't change the price without approval.
Do I agree this market is a bit strange for having these algorithmically generated prices? Sure. Should it be investigated for potentially illegal business practices? Sure. Is requiring a manager approval for changing the price from what those with pricing authority originally set it to, even if that price is essentially "auto", strange? No.
Or it implies that when the Pricing Advisor won't change the model, they are persuaded to back down and accept the prices given, by a company that insists its valuation model will only work if clients adhere to its prices >80% of the time[1]. Or that sometimes the "Pricing Advisor", notionally a customer success employee of an ISV, has some sort of executive authority to adjust the price which that Lessor's own employee doesn't. Certainly those two outcomes are those the drafter of the lawsuit intended to imply, regardless of which is actually the most frequent.
It'd be odd if a company put the equivalent of a checkout operative on the call with a third party "Pricing Advisor" to discuss the price (both in general and in the context that RealPage supposedly encourages daily calls with employees "with pricing responsibility").
[1]I sold an algorithmic valuation model once. It's something of an understatement to say that this is not how valuation models ordinarily work or the sort of feedback a valuation professional behind the model would ordinarily give to clients...
So yeah, investigate those calls. Investigate how the pricing algorithm comes up with its price. Investigate how much the marketing is pushing cartel-like behavior. Smash it with a hammer if they're breaking the law.
But the fact that requiring front of line employee pricing changes to be approved by someone in management at the property management/ownership as something wrong or needing investigation, that's pretty normal. Most users of RealPage wouldn't have pricing authority! They're front of house salespeople. Its these kinds of requests to change the prices that would come under review, and that approval wouldn't be at the decision by RealPage. Sure, maybe RealPage has a lot of persuasion over the person making that final decision, but ultimately whoever has pricing authority at that property (not a RealPage employee) isn't the one that clicks "Approve" either way.
Awaiting approval from your manager to change the price is not evidence of price fixing, which is what I originally replied to.
>> 51. Specifically, every morning, RealPage provides participating Lessors with recommended price levels. Lessors typically must communicate to a RealPage “Pricing Advisor” that they have “accept[ed]” or “confirm[ed] the “approved pricing” within a specified time frame. If Lessors wish to diverge from the “approved pricing” they must submit reasoning for doing so and await approval. RealPage encourages participating Lessors to have daily calls between the Lessors’ employees with pricing responsibility and the RealPage Pricing Advisor.
>> 52. If there is a disagreement between the participating Lessor and the RealPage Pricing Advisor, the dispute is often elevated to the Lessor’s management for resolution, and specific reasons justifying a departure from RealPage’s pricing level are usually required. But RealPage emphasizes the need for discipline among participating Lessors and urges them that for its coordinated algorithmic pricing to be the most successful in increasing rents, participating Lessors must adopt RealPage’s pricing at least 80% of the time
There is nothing remotely normal about someone having the executive decision making authority to authorise a price variation a third party is trying to make to their inventory but not the executive authority to keep prices as they were. Nor is there anything remotely normal about a person seeking approval to retain or change price contacting a third party company's "Pricing Advisor" in the first instance rather than the approver within their own company. If the "Pricing Advisor" didn't have greater ability to resolve this "dispute" than the staff member who has the ability to "approve" a price change but apparently not to hold prices as they are, why would they be contacted?
Nobody has argued there isn't some ultimate beneficial owner of a property with the power to tell RealPage to bugger off, they're arguing that as described this resembles a normal chain of authority and consultation of third party experts in roughly the same way an MLM resembles a regular sales team. Now if you want to argue that this is deceptive wording on the part of the firm drafting the lawsuit stitching lots of discrete elements together into the appearance of a single process of questionable legality, I'll agree that may be possible (putting the worst possible spin on things is a class action lawyer's job) but then, some evidence of that would be nice...
Ownership/management chooses to buy RealPage for their property management solution for a building. They decide to configure it and contract out Pricing Advisor services. They've now established the default prices are whatever RealPage suggests it should be.
They then hire a lot of leasing agents (or they hire a leasing agency who hires these people). These are front of line sales people. These people are getting the day to day updates on changes to these prices, which are supposedly algorithmically generated. These are the people you'd want to review these prices, because these are the people who are actually dealing with the day to day of trying to sell these units. If these prices that the advisor is suggesting are unreasonable, they should probably push back and make a recommendation to change the price. They're the ones hearing customers argue the prices are overpriced and what not, they're a bit closer to the ground truth of the price in many ways.
However, those front line workers probably should not have arbitrary pricing powers. They're just focusing on signing leases, not necessarily broader picture of the building's business.
So talking about the approval process (which was the whole point I was originally replying to, not the algorithmic pricing or the whole weird relationship of RP to lessors which I've agreed should be investigated), lets just remove the whole algorithmic side of things. Upper management said units lease for $2/sqft. Front of line leasing agent decides to start signing leases for $1.75/sqft. Should that front of line leasing agent have been able to change the price from what upper management wanted without seeking an approval? Should they have probably given a written reason for going against the established pricing structure upper management chose?
So now lets enter back the idea of the algorithmic pricing. Upper management likes this dynamic algorithmic pricing. They say, whatever the algorithm sets, that's the price today. Algorithm says $2/sqft. Front of line leasing agent thinks a more realistic price is $1.75/sqft. Should that front of line leasing agent just be able to arbitrarily decide what the price is without seeking some approval? Ultimately, that review isn't some RP agent; that review is the same manager as before.
I think you're conflating the people with pricing authority on the call with the Pricing Advisor and the people who would often be submitting pricing changes for approvals. If they're having to get the pricing change approved by their management, then by definition they didn't have pricing authority. The people with pricing authority are the ones who made the decision to use this whole Pricing Advisor system, and are continuing to allow the Pricing Advisor use their black box to tell them what the price is today. The ones on that call are the ones that can tell RP to bugger off, as by definition they have pricing authority.
I do agree the algorithmic pricing is weird, and a lot of markets don't behave this way. I do think there's some bad relationships what with the pricing advisors and the large market presence of RP. These things should be investigated and potentially have judgements against. The fact its literally saying "coordinated algorithmic pricing" is a major red flag there's something bad happening here. The "coordinated" part is the part is the thing that's bad, not that front of line employees need approvals to change prices or even just the basic idea of using algorithms to set prices.
But the actual process as described involves an algorithm operated by a third party varying an organization's price, a representative of that company being required to communicate their acceptance or disagreement with reasons to the third party, the staff member with that executive responsibility being encouraged to speak to a representative of the third party, and escalate to unspecified management only in the case a "dispute" is not resolved by that third party.
That's not at all similar to how a regular approval process works with even the most junior staff members, and the idea it applies only to front of house staff is entirely your invention.
Every member of every unlawful cartel ever had senior decision makers who chose to sign up to the cartel and could tell it to bugger off or make the odd exception. That doesn't mean they can't be accused of price fixing in the event they take the decision to delegate day to day pricing to an organization also setting their competitors' prices, or even worse involve them in the review/approval chain for exceptions to those prices.
This is ultimately all I'm arguing. I'm entirely in agreement the relationship between RP and a significant chunk of the market, and the fact they're naming the pricing strategy as coordinated sounds exactly like price fixing.
But, requiring a manager to approve a change in pricing, that isn't odd. That singular thing, that's all I'm talking about, because that's what I originally replied to here.
> > await approval
> Sure seems like RealPage is price fixing then
Awaiting approval from your manager to change the price is not evidence of price fixing. Do you disagree with this basic premise?
Still, the impression given to the property's management team is that a person (possibly a customer service grunt) is doing some kind of "final review," manually clicking a box or even just making sure they don't drop below 80% acceptance.
Or making sure their leasing agents aren't issuing leases that will lose the company money.
If the building's budgets are based around leasing apartments at at least $2/sqft, and leasing agents start issuing leases at $1.50/sqft without anyone else knowing or approving, there's going to be a problem. Those leasing agents aren't always privy (or even care to know) about the budgets of the building.
If a waiter starts selling the $5 hamburgers for $1, do you think the business is going to do well? Should the waiter have the ability to arbitrarily decide menu prices?
This is a cartel going around making sure that all the businesses are playing ball, so they can set prices for everyone how they see fit.
> Specifically, every morning, RealPage provides participating Lessors with recommended price levels. Lessors typically must communicate to a RealPage “Pricing Advisor” that they have “accept[ed]” or “confirm[ed] the “approved pricing” within a specified time frame. If Lessors wish to diverge from the “approved pricing” they must submit reasoning for doing so and await approval. RealPage encourages participating Lessors to have daily calls between the Lessors’ employees with pricing responsibility and the RealPage Pricing Advisor.
So every day an employee at the Lessor must tell a Pricing Advisor -- a flesh-and-blood RealPage employee -- that they accept the pricing provided by RealPage. Further, to reject the pricing, they must explain to the Pricing Advisor why they are rejecting the pricing in writing.
It IS confusing because it goes on to say in the following paragraph that said requests also require further approval from a manager at the Lessor.
Given that it says "If there is a disagreement between the participating Lessor and the RealPage Pricing Advisor..." I'd say the Pricing Advisor isn't able to just wholesale deny it or delay it. As the leasing agent, you'd just choose to deny that price, put in a comment about how its a unit that we haven't been able to move in forever and every tour over the last six months leads to people saying the unit is way overpriced", and then that comment would get sent to your manager for approval or rejection.
> Lessors must communicated to a RealPage pricing advisor that they have accepted or confirmed the approved pricing
Okay, so the Lessor is directly communicating with a RealPage employee.
>If Lessors wish to diverged from the approved pricing they must submit reasoning for doing so and await approval
How could this same Lessor be getting approval from anyone other than that employee?
Because it tells you who the dispute gets escalated to in that next paragraph, and it's not that RP employee.
> If there is a disagreement between the participating Lessor and the RealPage Pricing Advisor, the dispute is often elevated to the Lessor’s management for resolution
If the employee has permissions to just set the price, they can just set the price. If they don't, which a lot don't, the dispute gets sent to their manager who does have the rights to set the prices.
RP knows there's a disagreement on the price, so they can update their models and understand why the property disagrees with the generated prices, but they're not directly enforcing their generated prices. They do strongly encourage the generated prices though and do pressure the property to stick to the price, but ultimately it does not require approval from the RP employee.
Second, this isn't playstation though is it? But staying with this example, if I go get a $50 meal my server very much can adjust my bill 'I removed X', 'I comped Y' happens all the time. If I go to a matress store/furniture store the sales person very much has the ability to lower my price arbitrarily on items way more expensive than a Playstation. Your 1 example isn't really all that relevant.
J/K, I believe it has something to do with karma level. You still have a pretty low karma amount.
I dunno, I definitely have some posts where I have to wait for the reply link to show up to write a reply.
> if I go get a $50 meal my server very much can adjust my bill 'I removed X', 'I comped Y' happens all the time.
And usually behind the scenes they got a supervisor or manager approval for doing such a thing, or will probably have to explain the deviance from normal pricing later.
> If I go to a matress store/furniture store the sales person very much has the ability to lower my price arbitrarily on items way more expensive than a Playstation.
Most times that I've negotiated pricing for things (cars, mattresses, etc.) outside of private party the final price was subject to some kind of supervisor/manager approval. I can't think of a single time where the final sale for some negotiated price didn't have some approval process to it.
If a business just allows their front of line employees to arbitrarily set prices without any kind of review, their business probably isn't going to do too well. The front of line sales people probably don't have all the information as to why the company is wanting to set the prices a certain way, and without that information they're setting prices rather arbitrarily. This could lead to some pretty massive damages to the company.
If a waiter just decides to start only charging $1 for the $5 burgers, the business is going to have a problem.
Uh, OPEC?
cartel [1]
noun
a group of similar independent companies who join together to control
prices and limit competition:
* an oil cartel
[1] https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/carte...Saying OPEC doesn't fix prices is a nonsense statement that does nothing but split hairs. OPEC engages in price fixing as set forth by the FTC, though they are not subject to the FTC. [2]
Price fixing is a term of art that doesn't just mean the specific price of a sale is fixed. Price fixing can also mean that prices are indirectly fixed by production quotas or capacity. OPEC exists for the very reason to set production quotas or capacity. "OPEC's objective is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries" [3]
[1] https://www.forbes.com/sites/briankoberlein/2017/01/11/earth...
[2] https://www.ftc.gov/advice-guidance/competition-guidance/gui...
I suspect there’s a lot of other price coordination schemes going on under the surface of our society just like this. The pandemic gave them cover, but the coordinated effort to raise prices destroys the efficient market hypothesis as does the gargantuan nature (and influence) of single actors within industries.
There is no future for capitalism without harsh enforcement and trust-busting on this front.
> There is no future for capitalism
My honest opinion -- We don't need an efficient market. We don't need extreme capitalism. We need housing for everyone.
We need government to step in and cap housing prices, build more housing, and drive away the 80-year-old farts with 15 houses still trying to extract money from poor college students.
Housing should be built to LIVE in, not as an investment.
Taxing land value -- this unfortunately leads to them passing on the taxes to renters, and rental housing becomes ever more unaffordable
Also, as other comments said, it incentivizes increased density.
It incentivizes multi-unit construction, as the more productive the land is, the less onerous the land taxes become. (Wheres currently, developing land normally increases the property tax.)
Increasing units per land both provides more housing, and reduces the tax/renter pass through.
It disincentivizes holding unproductive land as an investment, since unproductive land gets taxed as highly as productive land.
Removing the dysfunctional use of land as a store of value asset, would greatly reduce land and rent prices.
Removing the store of value aspect, would also better align landlords incentives with their renters. As their business model would now purely revolve around their paying customers, without the subsidy of land prices going up due to investment mania. And improving rental properties would be cheaper, without the tax increases that entails today.
All these benefits probably accrue from good economic alignment, because a land tax, instead of total property value tax, reflects that it is land, not its development, which is the finite resource.
Land is finite, yet we all absolutely need land, along with food, air, and water. (Finite in a soft way, given different land is more or less usable). We only "own" land in passing. So those holding it shouldn't be lightly excluding better uses of an absolutely necessary resource.
Land taxes are also morally well aligned. It is land (not development) that is a joint inheritance to us all. Land owners share a bit of that inheritance value with all of us, while still being allowed to manage it according to self-interest, opportunity and competition.
Finally, property tax is part land tax, part wealth (development value) tax. Only taxing land eliminates a wealth tax. Upgrading your home won't increase your taxes.
The humanitarian and economic benefits of properly aligned land taxes would directly accrue to everyone in society from the bottom to the top.
It would improve overall economic efficiency and equality.
It would eliminate a lot of local and national political conflicts.
No, this is not how this works. Rent is set by demand and (very insufficient) supply.
If landlord could increase rent by $X - they would have increased it already (software in TFA speeds up the process, but doesn't set market clearing price). A simple thought experiment would be something akin "98% tax on rental income". "Pass it to renter" would imply 50x increase in rent to preserve existing income.
Bottom line: make it easier to build more housing. it doesn't have to be subsidized/affordable/below market rate[0]. Any addition of units has downward effect on rent across all range of prices.
[0] > [In Helsinki] The supply of new market rate units triggers moving chains that quickly reach middle- and low-income neighborhoods and individuals. Thus, new market-rate construction loosens the housing market in middle- and low-income areas even in the short run.
From "City-wide effects of new housing supply: Evidence from moving chains" https://ideas.repec.org/p/fer/wpaper/146.html
This software can affect the market price beyond just accelerating the speed at which it reaches equilibrium. The software can help create an inefficient market where suppliers of housing are no longer competing against each other and instead all, together, take a 5-20% hit on "volume" for a larger increase in price that more than offsets the rate of empty units.
Similar to OPEC when OPEC was overwhelmingly dominant (before shale oil/shale gas explosion in USA/Russia).
In a competitive market without this software, each individual player would try harder to reach 0% vacancy because each marginal unit sold would be nearly pure profit, and this could drive prices lower than leaving any units empty.
Right, if one can get majority of the landlords to collude and government doesn't crack on collusion - this software would create such market.
Until we're in such dire situation: software is expediting price discovery, discovered prices are high because we don't build enough, we don't build enough because there's ridiculous amount of red tape, and doing anything that doesn't lead to more housing being built is spending time and effort on wrong problem.
How about we just build a lot more housing and let the chips fall where they may. Shouldn't even need to tax empty housing, either, if we build enough then the market can fix the rest pretty easily.
The whole reason we have a housing problem to begin with isn't capitalism, it's government restrictions on building. Urban grown boundaries, zoning, you name it.
Look, if you want more housing we have to let developers build more housing. Many areas in the country put in restrictions like limiting the height of new buildings because it's 'nice' not to have the views of the sky by blocked by a new building.
Well nice costs something, and in this case it's housing scarcity.
Not if you have the government build housing.
We need something like Singapore's Housing Development Board (HDB) which keeps reusing the same architectural designs and elements for simple, functional, repeatable housing that just works.
Singapore also has private-built condos, for those who want luxury, but the HDB flats are perfectly functional, dignified, clean, and comfortable. About 80% of Singaporeans live in government-built housing. Homelessness is almost nonexistent.
First of all, no one is going to benefit if 25% of US population moves to NYC.
Second, if we build millions of houses and they stay vacant, we just wasted a ton of money.
Third, if we just give away all those houses for free, we're going to destroy the real estate market, which will have a cascading effect and cause a huge crisis in all sectors (and if you think that only billionaires will be affected, think harder).
Fourth, due to misaligned incentives, governments are known to be way less efficient than private companies.
So our best option is to be smart: build only so many houses to meet the demand and so that the utility they provide is roughly equal to their cost, and let private companies build those houses. Now we only need two things: a tool to measure the utility of something, and some incentives for private companies.
I guess we all know where this is going.
There's no need for coercion. The landlords themselves are greedy (I don't think any more so than any other investor class).
Landlords being greedy isn't really a problem. They're going to try to get the highest rent. That's capitalism.
It's supposed to work in a COMPETITIVE market.
RealPage fixing prices breaks that. It's clearly causing consumer harm and anti-competitive.
>efficient market
That's already been destroyed by 50 years of city-enforced redlining and NIMBYism.
There is an additional mechanism that creates this dynamic, where properties (especially commercial ones) are valued based on the price of leases. For this reason, it can be better for landlords to let a property stay empty with a higher listed rent than to let it open up, if they are renewing their lease or borrowing against it.
The second is when you get together and say, “1bd studios are $1200, agreed?” This explicit coordination is illegal. IANAL, but this looks closer to the second.
Not "perfectly". I think some companies have gotten into trouble doing this.
Your revenue in commercial real estate is imaginary. If your building is vacant 100% of the time for the year, your revenue is 12 months x your desired rent.
Then you have an expense of 12 months vacancy.
You can get loans based on your revenue.
Additionally, it's the reason you see concessions of 1-2 months free all the time - but landlords will never reduce the rent.
concessions are expenses. Revenue is 100% of their desired rent.
Perhaps instead of a covenant it could be more implicitly enforced by suggesting if there is a revenue drop they’ll revalue the property and force the landlord to make up the difference which could be financially ruinous for some.
Can't they extend the trick, so that they have one unit that rents at $100B that always has the vacancy expense of $100B? Then they can set the other rents as they like with little impact to their revenue
The commercial landlord financial infrastructure is broken, but gameable.
Also, a land value tax would fix this (and many other real estate market distortions)
Smart move: vacant properties are devoid of voters.
There is something very wrong with a software based price fixing cartel.
(in Coach Z voice) "That happened one time!"
TransAmerica owns an insurance MLM called World Financial Group. I was unfortunate enough to be approached by one of their salespeople at a meetup, and the number on the business card he gave me was, I shit you not, 1-800-PYRAMID. A reference to the TransAmerica Pyramid Building in San Francisco, but still.
Is it possible for the suit to result in charges brought against all users of RealPage? They are active participants, after all.
Capitalism would be someone coming in and realizing the prices are inflated and undercut the rent prices while still being profitable.
Cartels certainly aren't free markets. To keep those you need policy which keeps them that way.
The problem with using 'capitalism' in discussions like this is that there isn't a precise definition of it. To some people it simply means private ownership of the means of production, to others in includes free trade, to others (and to my thinking, the most precise, but YMMV) its about the separation of management and ownership and tradable claims on the firm.
Low availability keeps prices high with no need to worry about things like quality. There is therefore no incentive to build to increase supply. When a market is this dysfunctional, state intervention is the only way forward. Build publicly owned housing and rent it affordably.
This probably won’t happen either, because so many in government are also landlords.
Edit: Wow, so many downvotes for advocating public housing.
So far, they've use the latter option, and that's most likely because the first one is hard: if the cartel controls the market and keeps the prices high, new investors have no incentive to join, they'll make more money if they don't.
Prices are set on the margin, you need a few landlords to start to feel capital pressure to drop rents.
Yeah, I can't imagine there would be any unintended consequences to that.
In what world does raising the cost of providing housing cause landlords to reduce rents? More likely it causes landlords to stop renting. See the consequences of the rent control regulations in NYC, for example.
Power tends to accumulate when government actions restrict voluntary trade that would have otherwise proceeded. That is a characteristic of governments not of "capitalism", IMHO.
Problems in real-estate are almost always government created IMHO and not "capitalism".
The government enforces capitalism laws (rather than socialist or chartalist) so how do you distinguish?
It requires power to prevent voluntary transactions and that comes in lots of flavors.
My point is you are distinguishing between government and capitalism - capitalism is an attribute of the government and power structure. The people with capital are the ones preventing the transactions (to their own benefit of course).
I don't think that is a common formulation of the idea of "capitalism".
They can't really though, at least not anytime soon -- the cycle itself gives the cartel more capital. If they buy units as they come onto the market, they hold the equity in those units, which they can instantly mortgage out to get more capital, which they can spend on more units, which they can instantly mortgage out to get more capital. This is especially true when interest rates are low, (the lower rates are, the cheaper this cycle is to continue -- at interest rates below the real inflation rate, they effectively get given free money to do this)
And yes, it exposes them to the risk that eventually this bubble could pop, but it could take many years (decades even?) before that happens.
If competition is unrestricted, cartels are unstable structures. It only takes one member unwilling to join cartel to ruin them. That's why drug cartels are killing each other and smaller competitors.
There are exceptions, but that's where antitrust laws come in.
It only takes one member in an enviroment protected from all other actions of the cartel to ruin them.
If all economic actors only interacted in the marketplace itself, then, yes, cartels are unstable. But businesses are not spherical cows in a vacuum.
In practice, cartels can exert all sorts of forces to insulate themselves. While most don't go to the extreme of drug cartels which you should note are quite adept at maintaining their stability, they can still to plenty without resorting to violence. Off the top of my head:
* Economies of scale, barriers of entry, and other Econ 101 stuff that privilege large entrenched actors over upstarts.
* Threatening to stop giving contracts to builders if they work with the competitor.
* Threat of social sanctions since many of the people who run these businesses all know each other and play together. Pretty awkward to break up a cartel at 10am and then go to your regularly scheduled golf game with its owners at 4pm.
* Buying smaller competitors outright before they defect.
All of those already exist without cartels.
> Threatening to stop giving contracts to builders if they work with the competitor
This assumes that pool of builders is somehow limited, but if that's the case, builders have leverage. How exactly do you see this conversation going?
- If you work for our competitor, we won't give you any contracts!
- But he can just hire other builders.
- He can't, you're the only builders in the area.
- Oh. Well then, how about we go work for both you and your competitor, and you have to pay us more. What are you going to do, we're the only builders in the area.
> Threat of social sanctions since many of the people who run these businesses all know each other and play together
There's potentially billions of dollars to chase, but what's stopping you is that this will piss of your golf buddies. Right.
> Buying smaller competitors outright before they defect
You can't just assume you can buy any company. Why don't drug cartels just "buy" each other? Surely it's preferable to non-stop murdering.
Well, sure, but in an environment with a cartel, they will privilege the cartel over other actors in the system.
> This assumes that pool of builders is somehow limited
And it is. It's limited to the builders who operate within the geographic area the cartel operates in.
In general, you're just dismissing these very practical criticisms with more "idealized market theory" that only works when it doesn't have to take real frictions into account, or by just saying what boils down to "nuh-uh".
[1] https://livebaltimore.com/neighborhoods/madison-eastend/
https://www.zillow.com/homedetails/2011-E-Lafayette-Ave-Balt...
I see some 'houses' in the area that you're looking at for $130k, built in WWII and likely have heating bills high enough to bankrupt the wealthy unless the place is ripped apart and modern insulation is put in.
Large back tax bill, lack of city services (e.g. if live in Springwells, good luck getting a reasonable response time from Detroit PD if you're being burgled) and an unsafe transit situation are the most common ones I can think of.
The houses are cheap for a reason. Its not as though Detroit is filled with provincial oafs that don't know what they're selling.
But who buys the government?
That number has climbed faster than inflation for some time and is the largest driver of increased multifamily development costs.
Want cheaper housing? Make it easier to build housing.
"""One night, on my way home from work, I pushed the wrong elevator button and got out on the floor below mine without realizing it. My key wouldn’t fit the lock to what I had assumed was my door, so I turned the knob and stepped, to my astonishment, into a completely empty, totally untouched one-bedroom. I turned around and beelined to the elevator, worried that I’d get busted for trespassing, when I noticed strips of masking tape covering the door frames on all of the other (presumably empty) apartments on the floor.
This was how I became aware of “warehousing,” the practice by which landlords keep unrented apartments off the market to create artificial scarcity. Building owners have always done this, especially in new constructions with lots of virgin inventory, because why give renters the upper hand if they don’t have to?
But they really started doing it during the pandemic. On a 2022 episode of the real-estate-industry podcast Talking Manhattan, Gary Malin, COO of the Corcoran Group, made a surprising claim: “At one point during the downturn, the vacancy rate in the city was close to 25 percent,” he said. “You had owners who were sitting on hundreds if not thousands of empty apartments.”"""
If there are extremely wealthy entities that can afford to soak up enough supply to meaningfully impact market prices, making it easier to build new housing is likely part of the equation, but it may not be the silver bullet. I don't know how many units are held unoccupied, but as someone from Detroit, I'd advise against letting supply get too far ahead of demand (Context: a major housing surplus developed in Detroit as the population dropped from ~2M in 1960 to ~0.6M today, and this surplus destroyed the value of homeowner's equity and lead to abandonment, blight, and massive arson rates).
Now that demand has returned, and vacancy rates have plunged to their normal sub-5% level, rents in the city have hurtled back to their 2020 prices or even higher. [2]
This is exactly what economics would predict of a market system with constrained supply. Demand is almost never as elastic as we recently experienced, and this only serves as further evidence of nonexistent undersupply being the primary cause of high prices. Not "warehousing" or hoarding of vacant housing that already exists somewhere.
[1] https://www.zumper.com/rent-research/new-york-ny
[2] https://www.nyc.gov/site/hpd/news/023-22/hpd-releases-initia...
"""Look, it’s possible that my suspicions are baseless and all of these buildings are full. Maybe their tenants really did come flooding back to New York last year. Maybe some are former couples who broke up during the pandemic and needed twice as many apartments and others are remote workers from Milwaukee or Akron evading city taxes by claiming residency in their old states. Maybe they came without any furniture so they didn’t have to hire movers. Maybe they’re homeschooling their kids, taking Ubers instead of the subway, avoiding restaurants, and abstaining from all other activities that would expose them to public data collectors. Weirder things have happened here. But if you meet any of these people, give them a change-of-address form for me. They’re probably missing some good mail."""
One of the central points of the main article (exemplified by the opening sentences quoted below) is that demand hasn't returned.
"""I was impressed by most of this article in Curbed, which did some actual reporting on the discrepancy between landlords saying rents in New York City were surging "because people came flooding back" and the fact that, according to all data, people did not actually come flooding back. The reporting goes to impressive shoe-leather lengths -- the author even contacts the New York City Water Board for clarification on how much waste they processed in 2021!"""
What we have is a complete lack of top-down management to allocate it efficiently.
If we combined Soviet economics and modern Big Data, we could solve this easily-- mandate that economic engines are sited where housing gluts exist, and assign out housing to optimize things like average commute length.
I think I spotted the challenge.
If this effect isn't intuitive to you, consider what happens when the market for something is completely removed from government involvement, like the global market for cocaine. Or a market that develops in the absence of any kind of centralized authority, like Somalia.
That's what happens to every market unless a state intervenes. The invisible hand of the market trends towards long term warlord/mafia type arrangements unless the public is organized enough to stop it.
The global market for cocaine is highly regulated by very violent men with guns.
It is for that reason that drug consumers favor legalization but drug suppliers oppose it.
The interesting part is who those men with guns are accountable to.
And your No True Scotsman example is typically heard in reference to communism in USSR/China.
I'll choose my billionaires over famine any day.
Cartels are very much capitalist, because they create more profits for everyone involved. The more parties you get involved, the better it is for all of them, and the worse is it for any competitors who do not join.
I think it's more accurate to say it boils down to "our sole underlying principle is our own advantage, and the privilege of not even having our advantages challenged or negotiated."
But otherwise, I quite agree.
These aren't sports teams, you don't just get together with your buds and see how it plays out over a couple drinks. "Aw dang I really thought we had it but you brought back child labor right at the buzzer there, rough one today."
No, wealthy people are for price collusion because it gives them more power, and they are against unions because they take away some of that power. Some things actually are that simple.
Internet commenters love to group opinions into a camp and then call them hypocritical. (Ex: capitalists love rent market manipulation but hate unions, those hypocrites!)
Of course, that’s not true, most capitalists would not want price fixing - something generally done under centralized planned economies.
Over time I've come to realize that while of course there's some common nature to human beings, there's also a varying distribution of personality and outlook, including how agreeable / disagreeable people are as well as how assertive. And it turns out on parts of that distribution there are people who enjoy not finding situations that benefit them but winning benefit and status from others.
I don't know whether that's "most" people. I'd guess not and that the distribution gets thinner the farther from the average disagreeableness and assertiveness you go. But it's enough people that I no longer discard adversarial values as a potential motive.
It is an emergent property of capitalist systems that people who love market manipulation will outcompete those who don't and thus end up in positions of such power that they effectively determine the characteristics and behavior of the system.
There are lots of people playing the capitalism game who don't want to cheat. But the system rewards cheaters who then use their power to produce the world we are all forced to live in.
That's the thing about crime: it's pretty much everywhere people are. Churches have cooperated with it. But that association doesn't define what churches are, it doesn't define what law enforcement is, it doesn't define any of the other businesses. In any walk of life, in any kind of organization, there can be people who will organize force and influence for private benefit rather than cooperating for the ideals an institution was created for.
Unions are subject to that too? Well no kidding.
Also "dystopian, Hollywood writeresque prose" -- WTF? The comment you're replying to contains a credible model of how market systems become non-competitive. It's useful whether you like market systems or not (if you like them, you can use it to inform improvements). And what's comes out of creative media production is such a wide variety of content that the only thing that's certain is that you can't keep it all under one umbrella, much less one as tattered as the one you just unfolded. But even if we could imagine some representative-middle it sure wouldn't have a lot of dialogue in it resembling the comment you're responding to. The whole thing just smacks of name-calling driven by unreflective associations.
I would strongly challenge this. Capitalism is generally oriented around maximizing profit. Any time you can sell a good for more than its cost of production, you make a profit. Competitors, when not prevented by things like IP laws, can undercut prices within that gap and take your market share, provided they have a similar cost of production. The "profit gap" can be exploited.
Price fixing "fixes" that bug, and is a net positive over the alternative of racing to the bottom. Better yet, you can use price fixing to arbitrarily increase that gap, which is exactly what TFA is about.
This is an incredibly weak and misguided argument. You're saying "Capitalists don't like X when it harms them, therefore they never like X".
Yeah, but they like X when it benefits them...
You can't extrapolate from a single data point to make a generalization about a whole. Especially when there are enormous differences.
Basically we create markets that enable (sometimes force) transactions in which one side has high amounts of leverage, and allow that leverage to increase over time. We don't view this high leverage as a problem. And, instead of fixing the issue of ever-increasing leverage, we instead exhort people to get to a position where they can be exerting it.
It's no wonder many feel like the game is rigged against them.
Unfortunate phrasing? If the system is really rigged, then you don't just feel it is rigged. You discover, understand, realize - know it is rigged against you?
The capitalist class is likely to be the owner both of the corporation you work for, and of the housing you live in, so you have the same power struggle with the same people.
People owning their own homes, and small landlords push back against that, but the trend is that the owning class owns everything
Edit: As with all just about anything. It looks like, people are hostile of the idea of "presumption of innocence" when that requires them to question their priors.
They definitely are! Price fixing ensures higher rent for the whole cartel (which is comprised of their customers). And enforcing cooperation is decidedly a good thing, because cooperation is required to keep prices artificially inflated.
What Realpage gains from creating a cartel is a really sticky customer base. I don't think it makes sense as a model because it seems to be clearly illegal, but putting that aside they're delivering a lot of value to their customers and are getting paid for it - it's definitely a sensible business model.
Price fixing ensures higher profits for the entire market, not just the cartels. Those outside the cartel equally benefit from the price fixing as cartel members, but that no pressure to constrain supply, which puts them in a strictly better position. For example, OPEC enabled the fracking industry and when OPEC loosened their price fixing, in 2019, many of these companies went bankrupt.
> What Realpage gains from creating a cartel is a really sticky customer base.
So that's why they allegedly threaten to fire their customers when they don't follow their pricing recommendation? It would make much more sense to simply offer the best pricing product.
That's my point. If RealPage were creating a cartel, they would be creating themselves problems without any upside. They aren't receiving the rent. They're receiving money from landlords who are happy with their pricing model. The fact the RealPage does not seem to experience the same problems common to cartels suggests that they aren't facilitating a cartel.
> The reason why I'm skeptical is because "cartel as a service" doesn't make any sense as a business model.
It absolutely does. The challenge with a cartel is communication and coordination: ensuring the members know what prices they are supposed to set, and pressuring them all to follow along. Realpage provides exactly that.
If there's any integrity left in our legal system, this will be a slam dunk for renters.
> As one Lessor explains, while “we are all technically competitors,” RealPage “helps us work together,” “to work with a community in pricing strategies, not to work separately.”
[1] https://www.hausfeld.com/media/550bhzyp/realpage-complaint-f...
But having someone approve pricing? That is clearly something worth prosecuting and heavily fining for.
RealPage basically just put themselves in the position of running the market.
There are a lot of reasons for wealth inequality, but finding ways to extract more profits off the same product or industry erodes society over time. I don’t know what could practically be done about all of this, but left unchecked, this will continue well into the future.
Make your government ensure market competition, and stop it from harming said competition an declaring winners.
The problem is not that companies are able to increase prices and improve their margins. That's good!
The problem is that our institutions (government, journalism, small business entrepreneurship) have reneged on their role of promoting competition, leading to a lack of fear of competitors in companies, leading to an increased ability by them to increase prices.
There should be more self-reflection on why price increases are possible, and redress of those causes, versus attempting to treat the symptom.
#1 place to start looking -- how to balance the ultra-high efficiency of consolidated firms with their ability to deploy overwhelming capital in novel industries to crush competition.
Or in other words: "How do we make it so that starting up a Facebook or Google or Microsoft competitor today is a reasonable?"
E.g. instead of putting price caps on necessary-but-low-volume medications, look into why it was able to collapse into a single-supplier market
That's going a bit too far. Under perfect competition there aren't any profit margins: everything sells at marginal cost. Real-world markets won't be like this, but they can get reasonably close. If there are large and increasing profit margins, that's a sign something has gone wrong.
Also, we need to be realistic about natural monopolies. Sometimes the competition we want isn't in the cards, and treating the symptoms really is the right answer. If that necessary-but-low-volume medication has sharply declining costs with increasing production, as many things do, there just aren't going to be enough suppliers to build a competitive market. Competition policy is great, but it can't do everything.
True, but that includes the cost of capital, so liquidity theoretically remains adequate and capital provision/replacement is just a business function rather than the business function.
The problem with capitalism is that it's totalizing; the idea that the whole point of society should be making more and more wealth forever is kind of ridiculous when you think about it, like deciding that it'd be great for your social body to get diabetes. It's ridiculous in the same way that pure laborism would be (everyone should work hard, never mind at what) or pure consumerism (everyone should have all the stuff they want, all the time).
Obviously the goal of a functioning system would be that they run into competition restraining them from doing so.
And 100% agreed on natural monopolies, although I believe the classification should be the exception rather than risk being a rule for "things we don't like."
It always feels like there is some element that should exist-by-default in our economic system to organically oppose monopolistic behavior, without active government attention. Roughly this looks like consumer unions: the more monopolistic an organization, the more it looks like a governmental agency, and correspondingly the more power the public should have over it—putting a ceiling on the ability of private enterprises to extract value from the public.
Now the position seems to be to let them do whatever they want and shield them from other governments and competition if necessary.
>Public Opinion Has "near-zero" Impact On U.S. Law.
>Professors Martin Gilens (Princeton University) and Benjamin I. Page (Northwestern University)’s study found that the number of Americans for or against any idea has no impact on the likelihood that Congress will make it law.
>One thing that does have an influence? Money.
>While the opinions of the bottom 90% of income earners in America have a “statistically non-significant impact,” economic elites, business interests, and people who can afford lobbyists still carry major influence.
https://represent.us/americas-corruption-problem/
America is a republic only on paper. It's a de facto oligarchy.
I mean look at how TurboTax, Intuit, H&R Block have been able for decades to keep the IRS from doing our taxes for us. Literal rent seeking behavior and the only people it benefits are the tax filing companies. Literally everyone else in America loses. https://sunlightfoundation.com/2013/04/15/tax-preparers-lobb...
The biggest trick capitalism ever pulled is convincing people that it's not a system of government where whoever has the most money, rules. The plague of rampant regulatory capture just further proves it.
There are plenty of competitors to See's candies. Just buy from them.
I understand there's no way to 100% guarantee such actions will be punished, if it does occur, but clearly it's already not accepted by society.
I’ll leave you with this: https://youtu.be/X29p13cAT1g?t=17
That currently legal actions such as raising prices because a brand wants to move up-market should be made illegal?
> Saying just buy from a competitor to See’s is completely missing the point. The point isn’t See’s candies specifically (which I’m so surprised everyone really held onto), but rather the mindset of the MBA type (doesn’t matter if they actually have an MBA) that says let’s just keep increasing prices on this commodity forever until we’ve squeezed all the juice, and once we have, we’ll do it some more. When you apply this to every sector, over time you disproportionally hurt those at the bottom and make them poorer. You also cause inflation, which dwindles the power of savings. This software in the article is doing it for housing, and worse, it seems that it does it more than a human would. You especially see it in entertainment, where now a basketball game is something well beyond the capacity of most. It’s very unfair to me as a society that we say only rich kids can go to Disneyland, and NBA game, or a concert. Or if they do, it’s far less often and they’ve had to save for a long time for it. But you also see it with eating out, car insurance, almost every good except fast fashion, TVs (which are largely subsidized by monetizing your viewing), and some other consumer electronics. The percent of people’s average income spent on most sectors has gone up over time. I’ll leave you with this: https://youtu.be/X29p13cAT1g?t=17
It appears to be trying to argue some point, advance some claim, advocate for some cause, etc., relating to organizations increasing their pricing for their goods and services.
I suggest you to get out of your first-world bubble. Somehow you seem to think that everyone is entitled to luxury.
> The percent of people’s average income spent on most sectors has gone up over time.
First of all, that's a weird statement. The percent of people average income spent on most sectors is close to 100%. Ratios will change, but they don't indicate anything if you don't know how to read them.
What's your interpretation of this graph? Is it "billionaires are making movies more expensive and people are forced to save on food"?
https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/charts/58367/food-prices_fi...
See’s candy isn’t the only candy company, nor is candy a necessity.
How do we deal with erosion in other situations?
Another thought I had just now is that historically prices were static until an event happened to cause in increase, now prices are becoming dynamic and monotonically increasing unless an event happens.
Edit: The price collusion is greed/growing pains for prices being dynamic by default.
This is another social norm that is being discarded by modern society. You don’t go to a store two days in a row and see different prices without a good reason.
We drop rocks on it?
It's hard to imagine this being tolerated a century or more ago.
In other words, they blend in too well.
> Maybe we're just far more docile.
I think it's far more sinister than that. People and companies have learned how far they can push things without invoking outrage and how to release tensions by pretending to have a change of heart. So now they're constantly toeing the line and while each push is small, they are almost constant. Resulting in far greater violations in total.
Of course, that relies on the bread of the bread and circuses staying cheap enough to keep the plebians pacified. If not...a recent example would be the Arab Spring.
Half kidding, half not.
The term has a rich history under the phrase: "consumer surplus."
… Unless that “store” is Amazon, but maybe that’s in support of your point as it’s “modern” relative to legacy retail. However, in this case it’s maybe more that pricing reflects fundamental shifts in the marketing/retail/fulfillment backend over the past decade-plus than a “social norm” being discarded. No profit seeking business would leave money on the table willingly —- greed has always been the default, new tools will always come along to enable it as old tools become less effective.
Prices should roughly double every two decades with “normal” inflation. However over past decade or two we haven’t quite had “normal inflation” and we’ve also had somewhat weirdly static prices for some consumer goods (thanks easy capital + efficiencies from MBAs/offshoring/etc?) and yet unhinged price increases in other areas (college ed, medical care). The overall system has some rebounding/balancing to go (both at micro and macro level) before pricing changes have a clearer relationship to the fed rate. There’s an entire generation of people only knowing zero-percent-interest and sub-two-percent inflation rates as the norm and some thinks those days will return once [whatever now is] passes.
And yet this generation of low interest rates has gotten progressively and significantly poorer than previous generations. There’s lots of pieces of this at work.
I don't know what the next "Big New Thing" will be, but I doubt it will have the same impact as computing/internet. I think things are just going to get pretty bleak for the lower classes as more and more of the world is consumed by oligopolies.
Historically you get uprisings and revolts when the lower classes are trampled. I don't even think that can happen anymore with even small police departments getting tanks and access to drag-net surveillance at global scale.
That's completely false. Just look at all the convenience stores spread across the world. Or, if my neighbor sells widgets, I can still go into the business of selling widgets.
The internet was transformational because it (1) decreased communication friction by orders of magnitude & (2) enabled digital business operations, powered by computation instead of people.
And specifically, these were both things that applied to every business on the planet.
A lot of job roles disappeared as a result of that, but it made business much more efficient and scalable. And allowed the remaining employees to be more highly compensated (same_revenue / fewer_employees = more salary space).
Looking around for similar future potentials, I see 3.
1: Applied AI integrates itself into businesses (specifically, in finance, operations, and analytics) enabling another increase in efficiency by an order of magnitude
2: Remote working (and specifically international) allows use of a wider range of talent, at competitive salaries, which permits businesses to hire specific skillsets they previously lacked access to (didn't exist or unaffordable)
3: Driverless over-the-road freight vehicles increase shipping efficiency by an order of magnitude
If a certain product has tons of loyal customers, it's creator/owner deserves all the wealth he gains off of it.
Unlike candies, housing is essential.
Edit: It's such a nice example of the first-world leftism: "those damn billionaires are stealing my... fancy candies".
To use an extreme example, if every landlord in Manhattan was using Real Page where would you build your competing housing? Manhattan is already pretty densely developed and housing in the other boroughs involves a much longer commute for someone working in Manhattan.
Edit: Another point is that, unlike something like a web service, you can't collect all the customers. You could only steal as many customers as your buildings can hold. Meanwhile the landlords using Real Page are collecting higher rents and can squeeze you out of building additional property by bidding up the cost of the land you would have to build on.
In other businesses you have the very common occurrence that an old small/medium size business owner wants to sell his business and retire, but he's stuck because the actual value of his company is close to 0, and any new person is at best interested in the real estate or parts of the inventory. So the old person doesn't sell and the business continues to deteriorate until nothing is left. With real estate it is different, because there's always some old person sitting on it. You can't create it from nothing like you can any other asset.
I don’t know if See’s candies are expensive now, but they didn’t used to be. That’s my point. Same with going to the ball game. Same with Disneyland (or at least not at this level). Movies. Going out to eat. Etc.
> Keep raising prices until you can’t, but in the mean time, make people poorer
That's a primitive model employed by people that are unable to think long term and at scale. More than half of US population lived in poverty in 1900. You know what changed that? "Keep raising prices until you can’t" combined with competition.
I want good products to have higher prices - this ensures I'll get access to even better products at lower price in the long term.
There are dangerous exceptions of course, we learned what those are long time ago: essential goods and monopolized industries. Arguably, housing is both. Candies and "going out to eat" are neither.
I couldn't care less if some billionaire is becoming 10x wealthier if I'm also becoming wealthier at the same time. Complain about inequality all you want, but if I was born 100 years ago, my diet would likely be shit. Today and can eat the same (or even better) food than the richest man in the world. Think about it for a minute.
Minor nit - See's candies is a luxury good and shouldn't affect the average customer from becoming poorer.
Healthcare, hosing, education, etc. on the other hand...
Give the actual product didn’t change, just the pricing, it actively takes money away from ordinary people and gives it to a few. Would you consider Disneyland similarly a luxury? It’s sad how expensive it’s gotten to keep Wall Street happy, meanwhile it allows for rich kids to go but not poor. Same with baseball games. Same with literally everything. Raising prices to make more profit disproportionally hurts the poor, and makes them poorer.
* Rice, Buses: 'inferior goods', because as people get richer they shift their spending to other goods.
* Bread, Cars: 'normal goods', because as people get richer they spend more on them.
* Caviar, Sports Cars: 'luxury goods', a category of normal goods where as as people get richer they spend a much larger percentage of their income on them.
See's Candy is a high-end candy brand, and I would expect it to function as a luxury good here.
But even then, I wouldn't be surprised at all if had your grandparents suddenly had 20% more money their spending on Sees would have gone up by more than 20%.
In economics, a luxury good (or upmarket good) is a good for which demand increases more than what is proportional as income rises, so that expenditures on the good become a greater proportion of overall spending. Luxury goods are in contrast to necessity goods, where demand increases proportionally less than income.
c. 1300, "sexual intercourse;" mid-14c., "lasciviousness, sinful self-indulgence;" late 14c., "sensual pleasure," from Old French luxurie "debauchery, dissoluteness, lust" (12c., Modern French luxure), from Latin luxuria "excess, extravagant living, profusion; delicacy" (source also of Spanish lujuria, Italian lussuria), from luxus "excess, extravagance; magnificence," probably a figurative use of luxus (adj.) "dislocated," which is related to luctari "wrestle, strain" (see reluctance).
That said, this etymology tends to support your position, given that at the heart of luxury is the sense of self-indulgence. Which would seem to apply to the non-essential nature of See's Candies.
Regardless, I wasn't arguing for or against your view, only providing what seems to be an interesting datapoint.
Cheers.
> Here is how platforms die: first, they are good to their users; then they abuse their users to make things better for their business customers; finally, they abuse those business customers to claw back all the value for themselves. Then, they die.
https://pluralistic.net/2023/01/21/potemkin-ai/
I think your idea of this happening in a cycle, with the company switching back to diverting its surplus back to its customers at the end before going back around again is an interesting one. I don't doubt it's possible, and that some companies have pulled it off from time to time. But the ability to win back trust from customers are you've spent two phases of the cycle abusing them seems like a tough hill to climb, and I think it's likely a lot of companies will fail there.
It's probably easiest for a company at the end of the cycle, to be acquired by a new up-and-comer who is still on its first round of diverting surpluses to its customers, to best leave its toxic reputation behind.
I think in software the exploit phase negatively impacts the culture of the developers in a way that is difficult to recover from. The best have left and the most of those who remain probably should be fired. Probably easier to start a new company from scratch, "Don't boil the ocean".
Maybe a good example could be in chip manufacturing where hiring someone like Jim Keller sends a signal that the company is entering a build phase.
Lacoste is a brand that was exploited to near death and explicitly went through a build phase a few years ago and revived itself. Huge marketing spend, lowered prices to target younger people, and I have no idea if they changed quality - not my field. I think it's more obvious trend in fashion where the underlying product doesn't fundamentally change.
Then there are B2B markets which have high volumes and low margins and in these industries reputations would be paramount and the customers more savvy and less exploitable. It would make sense to try to find a profitable steady state as soon as possible and only make minor changes.
So I guess the build-exploit cycle makes sense if assuming an efficient markets devoid of people with money willing to over pay for things they shouldn't.
It is a lot of work as the big companies will buy brands with good names because of this reason (and will proceed to make them shitty).
After this phase the few remaining companies will attempt to find a way to entrench a regulatory monopoly and survive off of rent seeking behaviors rather than actual work.
This is a shame, because I think markets can be amazing engines for optimization. But unless we're going to work to make sure there are strong markets for a given good, we're not going to see much of that.
Japan has many good and bad things about it. There is no utopia, and I’d rather live in the U.S., but I wish we had a bigger mix of harmony as a cultural North Star. Covid demonstrated to me over the past 3 years significant weaknesses of a individualist culture.
An interesting comparison is Saudi Arabia, which liberated itself from external rule just a few years prior to the discovery of its vast oil reserves (and just a few years after the realization that oil would fuel industry for the century to come).
Capitalism has lifted hundreds of millions out of poverty in the last century by essentially targeting inefficiencies.
But here we are worrying about price of high-end candies.
> The thing is, "the algorithm" should have very little to do with that sick feeling. The coldness of the interface and robotic voice certainly make for a stark contrast with the thing you are doing, but they aren't the cause. The moment you start thinking about someone's longtime home as something that can "align with strategy," and about pricing someone out of their longtime home as "an adjustment that would be more beneficial," you have morally lost. It doesn't really matter how you go about making that adjustment.
The tool and the training for the tool definitely matters, but the truth is, making business decisions about housing will necessarily hurt people in ways that are disproportionate to the amount of additional income a landlord gets.
This sucks for everyone, but especially for less mobile or financially-secure tenants. I don't think there's a great solution for the American rental system yet other than less profit-maximizing owners or schemes like HDB flats in Singapore.
the burden of taking care of people who are less able to take care of themselves is not a burden that the government should place on certain individual people or individual companies, so rest of us can go on about our days happy that we don't have to think about it any more. If you want us to redistribute money to people so they don't need to move, the bite should equally come out of your and my income and bank accounts, not just landlords'. If you think that the govt should buy all this property so it can do a great job of being a landlord and tenants will be happier that way, get those laws passed. Till then, the fallback is not to simply punish rental property owners. (disclosure, I own property but I don't rent it out because I don't want the hassle, the money is not worth it)
Y'all see this rhetorical jump right? arciini made no mention of any action against landlords but to get out ahead of any possibility even as small as social-pressure against raising rents fsckboy has both escalated the framing language to "punishing" them and also shifted the frame from the plight of renters to the plight of rentiers.
"If you want us to redistribute money to people in East Palestine so they don't need to move, the bite should equally come out of your and my income and bank accounts, not just Norfolk Southern's."
So you're saying everyone should pay for an externality of a particular industry? Socialize the costs?
Deciding that the correct place for that burden is on landlords is a valid and consistent view. That this is part of the risk and responsibility incurred by the action of landlording. No one is forced to be a landlord and so in this view if you don't like that responsibility you simply don't landlord.
It's not "punishment" to reevaluate where we let burdens fall, and require that some roles now carry burdens that they were once free of. And if it is, shit, we punish lots of people for all kinds of things, why are landlords exempt.
A better car analogy would be the mandate of safety features such as back-up cameras that the purchaser pays for, but ultimately benefit others.
Fundamentally, the solution is to allow much, much more building.
So far voters are not a fan. Perhaps that will change with the increasing rise of corporate ownership.
While I’m always uncomfortable with violent rhetoric, the very public antipathy around “rent-seeking parasites” does give me hope that in the future, fewer voters will see themselves as “temporarily embarrassed landlords”.
We can easily see this as millenials have gotten into owning homes themselves. People are quite good at tending to their own self interest.
Now, let's suppose somehow we build all over my neighborhood over the next three years and rent craters. Instead of paying, say, 1200 on my mortgage to own a place instead of 1000 in rent, I could now be paying 600 in rent vs. 1200 on a mortgage. I'm now in a bind where I'm losing money every month over renting the place next door and there's a good chance my property even when I pay it off is worth less than I've paid.
I'm certainly not against building, but if somehow every YIMBY dream came through for them near me, I've definitely just made a really terrible financial decision that's going to dramatically change the trajectory of my life. Moving to another city for a job is now borderline impossible if I'm tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars underwater on my mortgage, and couldn't rent the property for anything close to what I'm paying.
Like many fixes to societal ills, it's easy to look at the end result and see how it's better for most people, but it's likely to hurt a lot of people who made totally reasonable choices.
The US Government sets policy all the time that hurts people who own stocks and bonds. And mostly people are fine with that. I don't see why home owners ought to be afforded a special level of protection for their investment.
I also was explicitly saying that I want there to be policies in place that will "hurt my investment" because I think it's a good thing in general, but it's important to not just assume that building more is only going to hurt rich rent seeking landlords that are easy to rally people against.
There's a lot of financial and cultural incentives towards home purchasing in the US, so to quickly move to instead make renting the preferred option in policy is going to hurt a lot of people and cause issues that may not be easy to predict. It doesn't mean it's not worth doing, but it's important to look at it holistically and not just see it as only punishing bad rich cartel owners who deserve to be hurt.
Could you give me any recent examples of this happening? It seems the exception, not something that happens "all the time."
Instead of being able to fit a single house worth an imputed rent of $1000 on your lot, you'd instead be able to fit a duplex, renting for $600 + $600 = $1200. If supply has increased so much to lower equivalent rents a whopping 40%, then you're probably looking at a situation more like now being able to build a quadplex or small six-unit apartment building on your lot. At $600 x 4 = $2400 or $600 x 6 = $3600 you've actually seen the value of your land double or triple in this scenario.
In this hypothetical scenario you'll now have so much extra money, that you could easily move to more expensive, quieter neighborhood that hasn't been upzoned yet. If you're lucky, you'll be able to repeat the process there as well.
If you're one of the first people in an upzoning neighborhood, you're the one who loses value as the rest of the area upzones.
The price to buy 1/100 of the condo/duplex/quad supply in a zipcode is almost definitely higher than in a few years when there's 1000 available. Sure, there's ways it could appreciate enough to offset it if it also becomes a nicer and more desirable neighborhood at a counteracting rate, but that's not for-sure.
This situation specifically screws the people who are doing what you'd want and not over-purchasing a single family home as an investment and instead buying a smaller part of some complex.
I think it was a reference to this famous quote:
> John Steinbeck once said that socialism never took root in America because the poor see themselves not as an exploited proletariat but as temporarily embarrassed millionaires. -- Ronald Wright, A Short History of Progress
Correction...voters are a fan of more housing being built (affordable housing even), just not in their neighborhoods where it will negatively impact their property values and status quo.
The only way out is forcing voters to accept housing being built in their neighborhood.
The "problem" was that population growth kept up with supply - initially through an extremely high birth rate and then, when that collapsed, through extremely high immigration rates.
Given the high population growth and low availability of land the growth in housing stock has been pretty amazing. Both the quality and the quantity certainly blows the US and Europe out of the water.
The safety of HDBs, apart from reflecting Singapore's low crime rate in general, also reflects Singapore not having the idea that high rise government housing projects are somewhere only the poor and desperate would want to live and their condition a reflection of Singapore not having the belief that government budgets are things to be slashed....
Neoconservatism is a hell of a drug.
Wouldn't matter for the areas that could actually use more housing (dense urban ares), but there is an extremely strong anti-government streak in the U.S.
The government could force and pay for construction of massive numbers of condos/townhouses in/around large cities (say 20-40million). Sell them to first time home-owners for extremely cheap (say 200k) with all types of restrictions on it being owner occupied and only allowing the owner to recoup a certain % of appreciation after X numbers of years if sold (say 3% each year lived in).
I’m sure that’s problematic and a team of people smarter than me could come up with a much better system, but there are very tenable solutions with the ability to change laws/policies and a massive pocket-book.
The US used to give away large parcels of land to people just to move out west. So it’s not like there’s not precedence for helping citizens with real estate.
Nothing significant will be done in our lifetimes though, oh well.
Agree, and disagree. Distortions of the market rarely go as planned, so trying a massive intervention is likely to have a whole bunch of negative side effects. And I don't believe smarter people are more likely to be successful with their own attempts.
Keep it simple. Build more. Drop the zoning restrictions, reimagine the purpose of urban growth boundaries. Supply and demand actually does work.
And to those who may balk: Dense housing doesn't need to be cheap. If you think to yourself "Gosh these walls are thin", that should not be a given in a long-term investment like a multistory complex. High quality, somewhat private housing is possible!
While "any housing" is better than an extreme like homelessness, I align with those who think ever expanding suburbs is a big waste of concrete, infrastructure buildout and promotes the use of needless daily private transport.
I lament (rental) apartments being built all over my city's downtown, but I support increasing the density of living in urban areas.
There are various co-ops that exist in the US to buy things like apartment complexes that the tenants then take ownership in.
There are things such as Council housing in the UK.
There are various alternate reality types of systems that basically haven't been tried, or have only been tried in small numbers.
Once you bring in profit-maximizers into a larger, mostly free-market sector you tend the entire industry in the one direction of profit-maximizing (as the profit-maximizers can outbid the others on newly entering housing).
Exactly. That's not renting, and co-op owners aren't landlords unless they turn around and rent the unit out.
This is worse than I thought.
I don't think they do this on purpose; when I called one of the buildings I was interested in, their leasing agent was surprised I could even see the 'real price'...
There is a very legitimate supply problem, and blaming landlords won't solve it. They only have the leverage they do because the government gave it to them. We could make the gov't back off if we wanted to, but by and large we don't seem to want to.
That still leaves landlords, but the only reason landlords have outsized power in the first place is that there's a massive housing deficit in every place in the US people actually want to live.
This is likely due to the suspension of student loan payments and will correct if/when these payments resume.
A 42% increase in 'vacant but unavailable' sounds pretty significant, even if artificial...
https://www.thecity.nyc/2022/5/17/23108792/nyc-apartment-vac...
Which pushes priced yet higher, because demand increases.
I really hope the government intervenes. The situation is dire for renters across the country right now in a way I've never seen. Rent rising everywhere seemingly regardless of desirability, wage gains, or cost of living. Or I could hope for a housing crash, I guess, when they finally drive rent too high and nobody can afford it.
RealPage and Yardi dominate the industry with some of the worst software imaginable. The price fixing and competitiveness in the industry is a feature not a bug.
ActiveBuilding basically built thefacebook.com for residents where the sticky feature was online rent payment. They of course got bought by RealPage which continued to operate it as is for a long time with few improvements, but landlords were tied to the ecosystem and didn't really care about the resident experience as long as they could pay rent online and submit maintenance requests. Also who the F decided that they don't need spaces in Product names over there?! ActiveBuilding RealPage.
Rant over
The ideal here should be to cause the least harm. To everyone involved. Landlords should not be ruined but even more important should be the right of people to reasonable housing costs. Again, this is not a luxury... it's a basic human requirement and since it appears to be getting out of hand there needs to be a remedy. The only group powerful enough to provide that remedy, in our system, is the government.
There's no great mystery here. There just aren't enough housing units in the places people actually want to live, and local cities are keeping it that way.
[1]: http://urbankchoze.blogspot.com/2014/04/japanese-zoning.html
So yeah, "you" can, if you're one of those AI SaaS companies.
[0]: https://www.betradar.com/betting-services/live-odds-service/
The price collusion is greed/growing pains for prices being dynamic by default.
This is another social norm that is being discarded by modern society. In the past, you didn’t go to a store two days in a row and see different prices without a good reason.
It'd be easier to forward reporting by the WaPo or NYT that makes a credible case for price-fixing.
I told them this was unreasonable for the area, but they refused to budge on the price, offering a paltry $50 discount.
That apartment eventually got re-rented for $2700 according to StreetEasy as they couldn't find tenants at the price point they (or the "algorithm") wanted.
I recently crawled all the listings in my county that are hosted by marketing company Engrain, and the problem is there just aren't that many. The only buildings with a lot of vacancies are new ones that are still leasing up. https://observablehq.com/@jwb/survey-of-east-bay-apartment-v...
Side note: I doubt this is actually "AI". Probably some heuristics.
This conflicts with our moral sense (in part because there's nowhere you can go to opt out) so we backstop it with entitlement programs. But the premise is a least in principle fairly sound; not as evil as what you articulated.
Price-fixing is not a right in the US. It's explicitly illegal.
We as citizens should be strongly opposed to anything that makes housing more expensive because it contributes to homelessness, which is much more expensive than just forcing landlords to actually compete with each other (you know, like the free market is supposed to).
The biggest threat to a competitive market isn't the government in the US. It's the accumulation of power by a small number of actors who control the majority of the supply side.
It's super-scummy behavior and if it weren't "washed" through this software, would be blatantly illegal. Why do we allow these "loopholes" where a company exists to essentially help other companies directly break the law in spirit, but barely not in letter?
Seeing this article, too, along with a dozen other personal anecdotes (and seeing the early stages of blind-trust in AI), I'm realizing we're moving toward a point where over-trust in "what the computer says" is going to have material effects on civilization.
Ironically, the "Terminator Scenario," won't be what destroys us. Instead, it will be people's brains turning to mush due to over-reliance on AI/algos/etc. We'll simply hit a point where few if any people exist who understand the analog side of what the software is automating.
Prices raise because people are willing to pay that much for dwelling. People are willing to pay that much, because supply doesn't keep with demand.
## Why I don't consider this a case of price-fixing
Price-fixing that is not done via consolidation is ultimately unstable from game theory point of view.
There's very strong incentive to defect from "optimal vacancy rate" and eat outsized profit compared to the rest of competition. Making building easier makes consolidation harder, as outsiders are now potential defectors as well. AFAIK we're not in monopoly situation (yet?) for rental properties.
OPEC engages in price fixing. It is unstable, as you say, but nobody would say "OPEC is a perfect example of the free market functioning exactly as it should, with no price fixing or market manipulation going on."
If RealPage were price fixing rather than simply facilitating price discovery, landlords would have no incentive pay for the service.
This is just... obviously wrong. If this were true, nobody would ever join a cartel, since membership is voluntary. All antitrust legislation and enforcement would be rendered entirely moot, because nobody would ever collude to fix prices.
Quoting FTC, price fixing is an agreement (written, verbal, or inferred from conduct) among competitors to raise, lower, maintain, or stabilize prices or price levels; Generally, the antitrust laws require that each company establish prices and other competitive terms on its own, without agreeing with a competitor.
It doesn't matter if we're in a monopoly situation, it doesn't matter if the agreement is effective or if many participants defect - if some participants agree to coordinate prices, that is prohibited and punishable.
This is untrue. The escalation would be to the property's management team, which is the same group which configured the tool to use the recommended pricing.
> If there is a disagreement between the participating Lessor and the RealPage Pricing Advisor, the dispute is often elevated to the Lessor’s management for resolution, and specific reasons justifying a departure from RealPage’s pricing level are usually required.
If I take a Playstation to the checkout counter at Walmart and say "Instead of $500, how about $450?", the person at the checkout counter doesn't have the authorization to change the price from the price enforced by the checkout system. They'd have to call over a manager and make the case as to why I should be able to buy it for $450 instead of the enforced price the system already set.
See sections 46 and 47 in the complaint:
46. RealPage and participating Lessors have provided one another with such mutual assurances, agreeing among themselves not to compete on price for the sale of multifamily residential real estate leases. They have effectuated their agreement through two mutually reinforcing mechanisms. First, participating Lessors have agreed to set prices using RealPage’s coordinated algorithmic pricing. Second, participating Lessors have agreed to stagger their lease renewal dates through RealPage, to avoid (otherwise natural) oversupplies in rental properties.
47. RealPage’s coordinated algorithmic pricing allows participating Lessors, in RealPage’s words, to “outsource [their] daily pricing and ongoing revenue oversight” to RealPage, with RealPage pricing participating Lessors’ “properties as if we [RealPage] own them ourselves”—that is, as if RealPage and its participating Lessors were operating as a monopolist.
I think you might be right, it just doesn't seem obvious to me.
So you'll have some group of investors which pool together a bunch of money (like REITs, not always) and buy a building (normally the people who build these things don't hold on to them very long, lots of specialization). This organization is the "ownership".
The ownership usually doesn't know/doesn't want to deal with the day to day management of the property, they're just the financials kind of people. They hire a management company. The management company works with the ownership to understand budgets for the building, expected revenues, etc. Management deals with all the contractors to make the building operate.
Often, the management company then hires a leasing company, or might have a leasing arm of the company. This is then the sales side of the whole business of the building. These people are then in charge of finding tenants and be a bit of the outward customer facing side of the operation. These are the people you'd talk to when you're wanting to negotiate on pricing. However, they don't directly control the prices. Remember, ownership wants to ensure certain revenues for the building, and management is in charge of hitting budgets. So that front line agent just making up numbers all willy-nilly can have a lot of effects on not just that leasing company, but the management company that contracted them, and the ownership company that contracted the management company. That person you're talking to about the lease might be a contractor of a contractor of the ownership of the building, and ultimately it's the ownership's money on the line.
All of these groups are often different organizations and companies, and this structure is just one example out of many. As mentioned, sometimes management teams have their own leasing arms. Sometimes ownerships have preferred leasing partners and will push management to use some other leasing company. So its not always a single "this person always reports to that person" kind of structure, so that's why its pretty vague in these filings.
The first approval is done by the Pricing Advisor (an employee of RealPage) and a second approval is done by a manager at the Lessor's office.
If you need to get on the phone with RealPage every single morning and either adopt their suggested pricing or jump through beuracratic hoops to exclude yourself from doing so, that seems much more like fixing. They're not saying "here's the data, go about your day," they're saying "you are to charge tenants this much rent and you better have a good goddamned reason if you refuse."
You still have to break up price fixing cartels like this. You can't just lean back and pretend "moar supply" will magically fix anything.
The cute comments ("moar supply") signify your ignorance on the various aspect of the housing market at large. And that is an unproductive comment that demonstrates your overall lack of understanding of the issue at hand.
This "cartel" is a symptom, not a cause. Nobody is price fixing sedans, are they? I wonder why. Oh, supply of hundreds of options and price points? Hmmmm....
A good example is a study of payday loans that tend to move upward due to price signals set by local lawsn
E.g., we put together a rental listings platform that is free and comprehensive, so we have a lot of eyeballs for renters in the market. Could we organize them? Could we push for member discounts? Could we penalize landlords found to be using market manipulation software?
There's literally nothing that software could do to enhance their market power. The most you could do is help them to communicate about who the worst actors are, to try and level out the information asymmetry. But everyone still needs housing and there's still only so many units - someone is going to end up a tenant of the extractive landlords, whether we all know they're extractive or not. It's not like tenants of slumlords don't understand that that is their situation, it's poverty keeping them there, not a lack of market data.
Ah, so that's why YouTube content is mostly from the television companies that were powerful around the year 2000. And also why long distance telephone calls are the same price and most of the revenue is being captured by AT&T. And e-commerce, of course, is dominated by the same companies that ruled the malls in the 1990s.
Most of the examples you've listed are just changing hats (and others aren't power structures - long distance rates are not a power structure). Amazon wasn't around in the age of malls? Okay, sure, but is "malls/department stores, but really big, and online" really a different arrangement than before, or the same thing with more centralization? I view that as a consolidation of power among broadly the same group of people (American corporations & investors).
This is a special case of, "technology solutions don't solve social problems." Technology improves and gets cheaper, no contest. That doesn't mean I can write software that will change my relationship to society anymore than I can write software that makes my computer levitate.
If you're interested in proving me wrong, it seems to me that the counterargument wouldn't be an example of technological change, but a theoretical framework that would enable you to analyze a social problem or power structure and come up with a piece of software that would radically alter the outcome, with results better than chance. Obviously it wouldn't be reasonable for me to demand a fully developed theoretical framework from you in a casual conversation, so I'm happy to concede I may be mistaken if presented with a convincing seed or intuition that framework could be crystalized from.
Alternatively, I'd absolutely concede I was wrong if presented with a convincing hypothetical piece of software that would radically change the relationship between tenants and landlords.
You don't have to do any of that of course, I'm not trying to move goalposts, I'm trying to point out where my argument might be vulnerable in the interest of good faith, and because I'd love to be wrong about this.
That's a very convenient way to make entirely unfalsifiable claims. Any contradictory evidence? Just more entirely unimportant exceptions.
> long distance rates are not a power structure
Ah, right, except for the fact that they were maintained by a monopoly. And that was broken up mainly due to advances in technology demonstrating that society would function just fine when it wasn't a monopoly, plus a moment history where people believed in regulation as useful.
> If you're interested in proving me wrong
Not particularly. I'm just interested in you not immediately shitting on the exploration of possibilities by making overblown, unevidenced claims and then voluminously handwaving away evidence to the contrary. Maybe let it breathe a bit.
I'm sorry you felt I shat on your idea. I was actually very interested in it. My contribution to the conversation was critical, but not intended to be dismissive. I thought it was a great question and a topic I'm interested in & think about often. So I formed a substantive comment expressing my thoughts on it.
I'm sorry this was a frustrating experience for you. If there's something I could have done differently (other than just stay silent) to make it more clear that I thought this was a good discussion or to be clearer, please let me know, and I'll consider it going forward.
I've noted this previously using Charles Perrow's description in Complex Organizations (1972, 1985), here:
<https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=31254795>
The idea that technology is not socially or politically neutral, and specifically that it very often acts as a power multiplier, is widely understood, if not particularly accepted among HN's commentariat.
See Langdon Winner, "Do Artefacts Have Politics" (1980) <https://web.archive.org/web/20110626114826/https://innovate....>
Some HN discussion here: <https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=9321090>
I agree that tech often acts as a power multiplier, but I think that's because it is typically deployed by those who have power and want more. That doesn't mean that contra-power uses are impossible, which is the claim that I think is pretty suspicious.
How did they do it? The major companies asserted “increasing central control over the creative process”[352] through deliberate creation and extensive promotion of new groups, long-range contracts for groups, and reduced autonomy for producers. In addition, legal and illegal promotion costs (drug payola to disc jockeys, for example) rose in the competitive race and now exceeded the resources of small independents. Finally, the majors “have also moved to regain a controlling position in record distribution by buying chains of retail stores.”[353] The diversity is still greater than it had been in the past, and may remain high, but it is ominous that the majors have all the segments covered. As an executive said, “Columbia Records will have a major entry into whatever new area is broached by the vagaries of public tastes.” But for a concentrated industry, the “vagaries of public tastes” are not economical; it is preferable to stabilize and consolidate them. This would be possible through further control over the creative process and marketing.
That is:
- Market concentration, when disrupted, eventually re-emerged.
- The result was that "'vagaries of public tastes' are not economical", and that media power prefers to direct rather than follow these.
- That numerous mechanisms for subverting public preference and market mechanisms emerged.
Those with power virtually always want more, particularly when viewed through that favourite economist lens, expressed preferences. But there are market structures in which those powers are capable of expressing that desire, most especially in monpolised media, and those in which they are not ... usually small-scale businesses with low barriers to entry and high mobility costs. Classic exemplars are personal and on-site services (plumbing, electrical, hair and nail salons, much healthcare), commodities which are not easily light-weighted, such as milk, concrete, and structural stone, high-touch services, and the like.
Understanding that there are economic segments which do repeatedly manifest with highly-centralised monopolies, such as recorded music, broadcast media, and software and online services, is a useful and powerful mental model, in my experience.
In the case of real estate, the underlying commodity (land) is not portable, but it correlates strongly to other non-portable phenomena (employment, residence, education, general services, recreation & entertainment, education), and frequently extracts much of the surplus value of those attributes for itself, without having meaningfully contributed to their provisioning or existence in the first place.