No, but you might convince yourself it did.
It would map the patterns that exist in its training set. It would then follow those patterns. The result would look like a human understanding music theory, but it would not be that.
It would be stumbling around exactly the domain we gave it: impressive because that domain is not noise, it's good data. It still wouldn't be able to find its way around, only stumble.
The question then becomes, what is understand? Is what a human does any different than what this LLM is doing?
A human can do something with the model. An LLM can only present the model to you.
These are categorizations that we make after the fact. If the model could do the same categorization work, then it could actively choose correct over incorrect.