It seems weird to attribute the rise to an even smaller fraction of the population than digital nomads. In Portugal, Golden Visas accounted for a grand total of 11,535 households in a time span of October 2012 to December 2022.

We have no stats on how many of those actually live in Portugal, but it should be noted that the Golden Visa holders only have to visit Portugal for one week per year and that counts towards the five years for citizenship. This was a major draw of that visa.