What you described seems to me like webhooks. :) Webhooks aren't anything new really, Jeff Lindsay [0] coined them way back in 2007 while at Twilio but they aren't well understood and implemented today.
My company offers a way to configure a default or overwrite-per-individual-process callback url for... at least 10 years now. It's the primary way for us to communicate our results to our direct customers and it's two database columns, packing some results in a JSON object, an SNS/SQS queue and executing a HTTP request. In any case, it's very primitive and nothing worth getting its own name and countless blog posts written about.