It depends on what level of access you want. My app just uses basic verification - I get to see the user's name, Facebook ID number, and photo. That's it.

I don't have to provide any of my personal data as a developer to Facebook. I do have to provide a privacy policy. I haven't received a similar email to you.

As that blog post says, Business Verification is required for "Advanced Access".

So, if you can, change the level of access that you need. If all you're using Facebook for is an identity provider see if you can drop the number of permissions you're requesting.

If that fails. Get a cheap disposable SIM and use that as your phone number for Facebook verification.