If anything I think the cases where you can use Go successfully are only o fraction of the cases where you can use Java successfully. It's not necessarily Java itself but the ubiquity of the JVM and its ecosystem (see Kotlin, see Scala as examplea that have leveraged this ecosystem successfully)
Old languages force you to understand really core issues because the stack is 1m+ lines of code and you need an operating model for all that magic.
New languages do the same thing, but it's because half the really good stuff is <experimental>
Python and JS are in the current sweetspot, go is up next, and after that, Rust.
could you elaborate why do you think so, and maybe give examples of cases where Go can't compete with Java?..
Otoh, Java has a huge ecosystem. Huge. This plus dependency managemnt make it the first choice in most cases. Not even going to go into the massive innertia given that Java has been around for decades (who is going to rewrite everything in go?)
Today most of the time I pick Kotlin which is sort of whatbJava could have been (or maybe will become) with proper investment and care.