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JVM is the Java. It is literally reference implementation. JVM changes to accommodate changes in the Java language, not the other way around.

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You're loose with the terms. Java is not "literally reference implementation", it's the platform language of JVM.

While this is a major advantage, Java has also its fair amount of problems, some of them unfixable (or rather, the Java team is unwilling to fix them). It looks like Java will never get a proper fix for the whole in the type system named null, while there are some great languages running on JVM solving that.

Whatever problems it has, Java calls the shots on JVM.

Are you saying that there are no other languages than Java that target the JVM?

No he's saying that java gets the features implemented from the bytecode spec first. And you well know it, or maybe you have no idea and are just a kotlin fan boy...

The VM also knows about Java the language, its idioms, and language features. It’s a two way street.

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