Re: this specific issue, it’s very obvious that universal programs are always more successful. They build a strong political and support base across the spectrum of voters without creating any losers who are deliberately excluded that would be motivated to end them. Further, more often than not any sort of means discrimination costs way more than the money saved through the means discrimination. And that’s even before the hoops the means discrimination adds to the lives of the poorest to prove their eligibility.
The means discrimination should be done once on the income tax side. There’s an extremely well established process for that and will be done anyways. Setting up ad hoc processes for each program on the benefit side simply doesn’t make sense.
And yet contra all the information we have the people proposing these policies will go out of their way to make their own policies less effective and more expensive as we’re seeing with these unnecessary riders.