Do you recommend any books and tutorials aimed at experienced programmers with 0 knowledge of game development/design?
If you really want to go low level with it, though, my personal sweet spot is C, Lua/LuaJIT and SDL2. Although practically speaking C++ is probably better.
My initial research suggest that Godot games are written in C#. Since you use C/SDL2, do you code directly your own OpenGL engine?
Also, Godot games are also written in its native scripting language (GDScript) and it supports other languages, although I don't know how well, or how up to date anything is.
There are a few supported languages (including a custom Python-like language called GDScript). C# is just just one of them.
When I started with Blitz Basic, not only my productivity skyrocketed, but I also made better games, because I actually thought about gameplay, not about getting the maths right. Blitz Basic is a game-oriented variant of the Basic programming language, very simple and straightforward. You can try it if you want, but it is two decades old, so I don't know how well it aged. But the important part is to have something simple that can free you from technical details and boilerplate, it can be an engine.
That's unless you want to practice with the technical details, but doing that, the output will probably be more demo than game. And by the way, if you are into that you should check the demoscene, it is awesome.