I don't think the GPS approach can work with ground stations - what GPS has going for it is line-of-sight to the satellites. Multipath would be a hell of an issue in an urban environment.
That said, here's a paper describing various positioning methods - http://emits.esa.int/emits-doc/1-5200-RD25-Signal-processing...
EOTD looks rather interesting - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-OTD