I have actually used "Windows 3.11 for Workgroups" with some coaxial-cable Ethernet NE2000 cards, but I do not remember what network protocols were used.
With all earlier MS-DOS or Windows versions third party networking solutions had to be used.
Periodically someone somewhere would plug both ends of an ethernet cable into the wall sockets, causing a broadcast storm and every PC in the building would freeze - Not even the mouse pointer would move.
*Update:* Yes, looks like it uses the networking stuff provides by MS-DOS.
MS-DOS has NETSTART.BAT and PROTOCOL.INI that initializes TCP/IP with IP address and subnet mask.
When you look how a passenger information system in the trains boots up you can see how it shows BIOS information (floppy drive connected, serial and parallel port available, no harddisks) then it boots MS-DOS, initializes a XMS RAM disk, initializes parallel port, loads Crystal ENDS2ISA ethernet drivers, microsoft DOS TCP/IP protocol driver, and TCP/P MEMM driver, and calls NETBIND.COM.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novell
Oddly enough my MS-DOS machine while in grad school was networked via a product made by Apple that allowed it to connect to a Mac network. My only use was accessing the department laser printer, but that was huge.