You might be surprised to learn that Enhanced LORAN recently became operational around the UK's coast, specifically because satellite-based PNT is so susceptible to interference and jamming.
LORAN has also been used near airports in developed areas for a long time.
That isn't the 'base case' though.
The US military initially developed and launched GPS because of the reasons I stated, and it is still widely used as a base case for exactly those reasons.