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I've landed on Poetry after having tried many different options over the years. Being able to specify my relatively open dependencies (Eg "django==4.0.*") but having the exact version of every subdependency versioned has proved to be very reliable and reproducable. Docker multistage builds allow me to ship a production container without Poetry installed.

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Note that you can also accomplish the same with pip using the tilde operator in your requirements.txt (e.g. Django~=4.0), and Constraints Files [1] for the subdependencies.

A multistage build is still recommended as building your dependencies might need gcc or other tools.

[1] https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/user_guide/#constraints-files

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