Installing python with the python.org installer installs the entirety of Python and its standard library and tools, including pip, venv, etc., and the py launcher which supports selecting from multiple python versions. Linux distros may split this up into different packages, but on Windows (or Mac, afaik, though the py launcher is a Windows-only feature) using the official installers is one-stop shopping.
And, no, docker isn't just install and run on Windows. Before Docker made a heavy push for paid Docker Desktop for even personal use, it was close to that.
But now the way to get a free usable docker command line is to install WSL and a Linux environment, install docker there, and then invoke docker via wsl. (Which, of course, you will not find via Docker’s own information, which will try to sell you a paid subscription.)