Canoes discovered northwest of Rome are oldest boats ever found in Mediterranean
smithsonianmag.com
smithsonianmag.com
Wow, we have reached meta-archaeology already: we have to do research to “discover” our own research from 35 years ago.
We actually do this, just not in the way movies and such typically present it.
Seems odd that a technical revolution of some profound technologies (e.g. ships, agriculture, stable settlements, apparently novel social structures) seems to have started that millennium, leading to relatively rapid technological development up to today. The first ~260 Ky of human development seems to have resulted in less technological development then that single millennium.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_human#Anatomical_...
Anatomically modern humans didn't have much of a chance to develop until we got some decent weather.
And that likely predates this find probably by at least 3-4 thousand years. Still no smoking gun in terms of firm archaeological finds but that's because that coastline is all dozens of feet underwater now.
We have reliable evidence of people in North America 37kya, at the Hartley mammoth butchery site, perhaps from the same rootstock as the Australians. Curiously, they lacked the fancy stone tool industry the Siberians brought in much, much later, which might trace all the way back to Europeans 20kya. Apparently there are plenty of other mammoth sites not excavated because they are dated "too old" to involve people. It took Tim Rowe, a decorated paleontologist whose land it was was found on, to get that one dug up properly. Still it seems like no one will talk about it.
The millennium of 12,000 years ago was also when Gobekli Tepe and related sites were constructed, right at the sudden end of the Younger Dryas cold spell. Maybe innovation was newly acceptable in response to the fast-changing climate.
I had to look up the definitions, but these canoes are from what we know as the stone age. I don't believe the type of metal used was indicative of people's craftsmanship to be honest.
Not really, simple boats and canoes predate this find by at least 5-6k years. The earliest depiction of a boat under sail predates this canoe by maybe 1-2 thousand years. The Austronesian peoples were setting sail around the time this canoe was built.
They might have reached North America, too. Anyway we know people got there because they butchered the Hartley mammoth 37kya.
There's also mesolithic, inserted between those two, though I haven't heard it used much.
It's regrettable that research had to be published in a specific language for scientists to leverage. Maybe recent advances with language models can change the game here and make knowledge more accessible across all fields.
AI does a piss poor job translating nuance and context. If you cannot understand the language you are publishing an article in, you should not publish.
Currently the language of the world is English. Maybe that won’t always be true. Maybe English will gain so many loanwords that it will look completely foreign 1000 years from now. But learning a language isn’t particularly hard, and the only real difficulty seems to be Korean/chinese/japanese <-> English.
I'm very curious about what makes you think that. I belive it's true only if you already speak one or two other similarly rooted languages, or if you learn the language before you're 10.
Did you learn your first foreign language as an adult and found it "not particularly hard"?
I've forgotten almost every word. It would be quite difficult for me to relearn, at 61, and I'd likely not have anywhere near the efficacy, that I had, then.
People say how easy it is to learn new programming languages. I've probably written in a half-dozen different ones, over the years.
IME, learning the basics takes a week or two, but it takes years to really grok the language, at the fundamental level.
Have you tried? It would probably be a lot easier than you imagine.
It would not be useful, unless I lived in an area where I would use it. Maybe if I moved to Canada.
Same goes for computer languages. At one time, I was quite fluent in C++, but I can hardly recognize it, anymore.
If you remembered pre-C++0x, or god forbid, pre-Standard C++, it would probably hurt as much as it helped, as your old idioms would either be outdated by new std features, or outright dangerous by modern coding standards.
At least with old spoken languages, you'll just either sound like a small child or a character from an old movie, using slang that no one uses anymore.
Having said that, this is a thing to be able to learn a language enough to interact with people and live in a country where another language is spoken. It is a different thing to use that language to understand completely scientific/medical/law/tax forms and texts.
Jargon has to be learned independently. This is true of every kind of jargon, not just academic and legal stuff. If you want to talk to junkies and sound like one of them, you'll have to learn how first.
The technical term for this kind of concern is usually "register", as in "writing in an academic register".
A Chinese college student once asked me to review a paper of theirs for English quality, because their professor had criticized the English in a prior paper and they trusted me to be a native speaker (which I am). But being a native speaker didn't really help; once I saw the paper, I had to say "I'm sorry, but I don't have academic business training; I can't guarantee that anything I said would be phrased correctly."
this also depends a lot on the language, many of the Romance languages are relatively easy to learn, many of the Nordic ones seem quite difficult.
Difficulty of course may depend on what you are moving from to what you will be using.
Leaving that aside, there is a concept of linguistic distance from people´s first language, which makes it easier or harder to learn another language. French and English are very close to each other, as are Arabic and Hebrew, the Scandinavian languages are also all very close to each other (a little further from English), except for Finnish of course, which is kind of out there on its own. There is a nice recent paper looking at this in the academic context:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004873332...
Essentially how far your native tongue is from the language you are attempting to learn will drastically affect how long it takes to learn it for most people.
Some languages take english L1 speakers 3x as long to learn as others.
I agree with GP's 2 years for Cat I-II languages (assuming you're mostly living there and learning the language in your spare time, not intensively).
Science still lives in a previous, less sophisticated, age. We should be grateful for them not expecting us to knit our own tunics also.
The idea that somebody somewhere could have a possible solution to our urgent problems but we'll need to wait until this people learns English and "earns the right to be heard", is a disaster.
Nobody is wanting that world.
> because "not enough Anglo Saxon"
What is this, the year 1055? "Anglo Saxon" ceased to be a cultural group later that century. Now "Anglo-Saxon" is just a phony geopolitical spectre, mostly invoked by despotic governments as a scapegoat.
> hire professional translators for that, and let the creator alone...that is the right thing to do.
It would be if scientific publications had audiences where it made economic sense to do such a translation. Additionally, the cost of such translation for scientific literature is much more expensive owing to the need for great accuracy.
How the cost of a translator could be too expensive when everybody is working for free for you?
> What is this, the year 1055?
If your surname is Brown your work will be treated clearly different by journals than if it is Gutierres or Coulibaly. The editors probably don't even perceive that there is a bias here.
Including at least a member with an English name in your team is a known trick that eases to be accepted by publishers.
I don't necessarily disagree that translation would be beneficial, but it isn't just a matter of cost. As an author, I would absolutely not be comfortable with a journal translating my research without my direct involvement. Translation would require too much expert knowledge of the specific fields involved. I'd even be uncomfortable myself with translation of specific terms, even for languages I might know in non-scholarly contexts: it would require knowing the literature of the specific field in the language.
So it wouldn't be enough to have the journal hire a translator. It would be more work for the authors, and likely for others in their field who would need to be brought in.
In such a world “written in English” wouldn’t imply “Anglo Saxon”, just as today, it doesn’t imply “British” anymore.
I think people would be better off if they all spoke the same language. Reason is that, statistically, the best literature is written in a language with many writers. So, if you grow up monolingual speaking a minority language, the best stuff you can read won’t be as good as the best stuff written in English, Spanish, Mandarin Chinese, etc. The worst stuff you can read won’t, either, but nobody reads that stuff (some may argue Hollywood is the exception that proves the rule)
Getting there will have pain points, though. Going cold turkey would cut off people from their culture (imagine children not being able to read what their parents wrote). However, a few centuries of bilingual education would, IMO, be a fairly smooth way to get there. People would no longer be able to read what their forefathers wrote, but that already is the case with most languages (few people can read Middle English fluently, for example)
That’s all assuming the “English” people would speak would be universally intelligible, though. That’s far from guaranteed to happen. Subcultures with their own words and grammar changes would still form.
This has some problems related to the resulting intellectual monoculture.
Anyone who argues that has no understanding of how proof works.
Then you get something historians call The age of enlightenment...
Gauss, Leibniz, Euler, and the Bernoullis (all of them) wrote their theses in Latin.
Methinks you aren't so much against a lingua franca but want it to be Latin(ate) and not English.
Lots of less known not PIE-languages (Proto Indo-European) out there that will make you reconsider your opinion.
Did you know that there are languages where you can't form a sentence without describing what direction something happens in? Like you can't just "see the house", you're either doing it up or down the mountain. And you know how in English you can't really say anything without saying if it's going on now or happened in the past. Other languages don't really care about that at all, you can speak all day with specifying if it "is" or "was".
(I'm also slightly confused by your suggestion that English does not have tense outside of auxilliary verbs? "He goes" vs. "He went"?)
Actually, it is probably one of the hardest things you can attempt. You can speak a language every day for 30 years, but if you start after you're maybe 14, native speakers will be able to spot you in (literally) less than a second.
If they spot you, 2 things may happen - they will be nice like all normal people anywhere do and maybe even appreciate that other people are learning their non-trivial and probably a bit obscure language.
Or you hit the rest, and they will either laugh at you, ignore you or just switch to english if they want/can. This is very common in France in my decade and a half experience of going there almost every weekend, also very frequent among young. Their own shame and mistake, instead of embracing the future and improving themselves, they choose the other direction and watch world slowly pass by. I think it comes from their deeply flawed education in this regard, not on languages per se but whole view on exceptionalism and what current world actually revolves around.
But it's down to the scientists and their publishers to decide whether to publish the papers as readable text, feed them into translators and republish them in different languages, or at least the abstract / things that scientists use to find papers.
Not really. ~70 million people read Italian. Billions read English. The biggest journals are English language. Most of Europe learn English. Chinese academics learn to write in English, and English is the official language of India.
It'd be regrettable if they had to publish in Science/Nature to get noticed, but PLOS One is pretty open.
It's a two way street as well, if an academic can't read English than they effectively cut themselves off from 95% of the research in their field, and most certainly the most impactful research. Lastly, most journals offer paid translation services and a lot of Universities will similarly offer a service, so it's almost a moot point.
I'm not arguing that it's high on the list of things that could be improved in the world of research, just that it's something that would be worth improving if and when computers are good enough to remove this friction.
It does not matter. Researchers interested in old Rome or in old canoes will be able to find it. All articles have abstracts in English and academics do an extensive use of keywords and publishing databases.
I had to translate a very old paper from Dutch once, before to cite it, and it didn't was an unsurmountable problem with the correct motivation. Dictionaries were made for this.