example: based on our limited understanding all we can seem to confirm so far is that there was a sort of “big bang” but that doesn’t mean a “big bang” is all there was, not by a long shot
Prof J. Tour (great biochemist) who devoted his life to build synthetic molecules, never ceased to explain this. Mutations break the program (DNA) and cannot create new proteins, new mechanisms, and new coordinated organs, not to say new species. Enginneers here should understand this as I do.
Such evolutionary acquisition of new function is also common in metazoans. We have observed insects become resistant to insecticides (Ffrench-Constant et al. 2000), animals and plants acquire disease resistance (Carpenter and O'Brien 1995; Richter and Ronald 2000), crustaceans evolve new defenses to predators (Hairston 1990), amphibians evolve tolerance to habitat acidification (Andren et al. 1989), and mammals acquire immunity to poisons (Bishop 1981). Recent beneficial mutations are also known in humans, such as the famous apolipoprotein AI Milano mutation that confers lowered risk to cardiovascular disease in its carriers.
https://evolution.berkeley.edu/a-closer-look-at-a-classic-ri...
As you go along the ring you can easily observe the creation of new species through evolution that can't breed with each other.
Where?