We built against Stripe's sandbox and never had to test in production, so I never had to use a real credit card. It may have happened when going live for the first time, but that would have been two/three charges with one time payments and recurring payments (hardly what you'd call robust testing). Issues observed in production can usually be reproduced in the sandbox. There's some other caveats between the environments though that I'm forgetting but I don't think we ran into those.
We also had an ACH payment provider (add your bank account, verify it, we deduct from it, etc.) that also had a sandbox and had no issues there either.