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> At Blacksmith, we regularly see our customer’s Docker builds taking 30 minutes or more

What’s the most common cause of builds taking this long in the first place…

Worst I have ever had was 5 minutes, but subsequent builds were reduced to under a minute due to build cache, creating multi-stage builds, and keeping the layers thin and optimizing the .dockerignore

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People doing all the work of dependency fetches, code builds, and test execution inside ephemeral environments never designed for building software within.

Fetching packages isn't the problem. The problem is the lack of "out of the box" caching pf the downloaded packages. You'll have to do that yourself with artifactory and Docker does not nudge you towards doing that, at all.

Multiarch via qemu

This is a common cause yeah but becoming less of an issue with increasing support for ARM runners.

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