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Usually people who ask questions like this are debugging IO performance issues. That image shows the relevant layers and the tools you use to find issues like write amplification

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Thanks. What sparked my curiosity is while I'm writing code even a small mistake in the most simple programs can cost me tens or hundreds of milliseconds whereas behind a simple flushing to disk command there is so much happening at so many layers all in sub-millisecond or at most in a couple of seconds.

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