He says all and the spends the entire article talking about off-chain marketplaces and speculators. I understand we're all touching different parts of the elephant but my lived experience is that Bitcoin is a currency. I use it for many things regularly (VPS/servers, domains, etc bills) and purchases of electronics/etc from newegg.

>Similarly, the “crypto as currency” and “crypto as investment” narratives have been thoroughly debunked because the truth value of these statements is predicated on factual claims that are demonstrably falsifiable.

So then demonstrate the falsehood of the first claim. But you'd have to prove I don't exist. Instead he just talks more about the speculators speculating. They'll do it with anything, the technology doesn't matter. It just has to be something people don't understand. Lumping users of currency in with them is disingenuous at best. That said if you've only heard about cryptocurrency post-2015 I can understand the confusion. Pretty much everything created since then has been a scam.