In EU, there is a severe shortage of MDs. Part of the problem is that the number of students is not sufficient to satisfy MD demand. In some countries, this is a deliberate policy imposed by MD lobbies, who act like a cartel. In other countries, the job is simply not attractive due to relatively low salaries and high workload. So students choose other degrees, or they immigrate after graduation. Furthermore, an aged population and lack of adequate policy planning does not help.

A. This is exactly what is to be expected.

If high-skill jobs are compensated (relatively) less, workers are less incentivized to pursue those jobs, or they move to other markets.

B. Capitalist countries like the U.S. are not completely immune to his phenomenon either.