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Comment by smolder | Hacker News Reader

Apparently the two classes are diamagnetism and paramagnetism. Best I can get from reading, diamagnetic materials are more random in their alignment (and repulsed by magnetic fields) and paramagnetic ones are more uniformly aligned (and attracted by fields). Can someone else explain it better?

The article seems to be talking about some new type of ordered alignment. They say anti-parallel, which made me think of overlapping orthogonal alignments, where neighbors are kind of perpendicular, but the image shows vectors which are mostly just slightly off from parallel, creating those swirls.

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AIUI, there is a technical criterion for an ambient EM field to imbue circuits within it with broken time-reversal symmetry.

One example of a system that meets the criterion is a ferromagnet. Another is this altermagnet.

One example of a system that doesn’t meet the criterion is a diamagnet. Another is the anti-ferromagnet.

Roughly speaking, some systems are microscopically “asymmetric enough” to be useful in a certain way, and others are “too symmetrical.”

Ferromagnets have a downside that altermagnets avoid: their microscopic fields don’t average out to zero over macroscopic distances.

I think, but honestly don’t really understand, that the goal is to cause the material to treat currents of spin-up and spin-down charge carriers (think electrons or holes) dissimilarly. Constructing materials that distinguish between charge carriers of differing spin is a step towards spintronics. Again, I don’t know why that’s important, but it is what it is.

To add a bit more to this, it's really a new class of magnetism. Traditionally we might think of ordered magnetic materials as being one of two: ferromagnets, which is what you think of when you think of magnets, and antiferromagnets. Antiferromagnets locally order their magnetic moments antiparallel so any which way you measure it, you measure no magnetization.

The application is this: We would like to use ferromagnets and spin currents to make spin-electronic devices ("spintronic") where only the spin information is transferred without any large electrical currents. The goal of this is to save energy from Joule heating as spin can flow with significantly lower energy dissipation.

Ferromagnets run into a lot of problems: they have a stray field, so patterned elements will interact and interfere with each other that sets a limit on how dense each nanostructure can be. Antiferromagnets have a big problem: they are extraordinarily difficult to measure and that is a challenge to overcome.

So the benefit that altermagnetic materials presents is a clear union that tries to overcome the problems of both while retaining the strengths of both.

The exact definition of the ordering of an altermagnet is a bit subtle and it mostly comes from an understanding of how the electronic band structure is different as compared with normal antiferromagnets.

In the context of the article it's probably ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism though.

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