The Anvil of the Stars, by Greg Bear, featured a race of aliens whose mathematics weren't based on integers.
Learning how to expand e.g. 3/7 into 1/n + 1/m + ... using their methods was a fascinating experience.
I wouldn't want to suffer under such constraints day to day but it was one of the most memorable parts of the History of Mathematics course I took alongside what was other a mostly pure maths degree.