Box64 does the x64 to ARM translation (while keeping performance as high as possible by calling native ARM library code wherever possible). Throw Wine in there to implement the Windows APIs and you can run amd64 PE binaries on aarch64 with decent performance.

You can't run amd64 without something like Box64 because Wine is not an emulator, so it doesn't interpret or rewrite the instructions to aarch64.

You can use Box64 on other ISAs if you implement the necessary translation code. I believe this is what's being done to run games on RISC-V, but I'm not 100% sure. Good ol' qemu-static would also do the job if Box64 isn't compatible (yet), but that's running the entire application in a foreign architecture so the overhead would be a lot more significant.