I guess google is fed up with freeloader piggy backing. Requiring JS is going to break a bunch of LLM crawlers immediately
Screen readers are not a type of web browser. They are software which interacts with other software running on the computer, including web browsers. There is nothing which inherently makes JS or CSS incompatible with screen readers.
JS gives the same improvements for screen readers as for everyone else especially with complex apps.
Bad JS of course ruins things as usual, same bad HTML with table layout or whatever. But that's not JS on google.com;)
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAI-ARIA
That said, as ARIA rule #1 says, it's better to not use javascript, as it's always less error prone. That doesn't mean websites shouldn't use javascript when they have reasons to do so, as long as they correctly follow ARIA.