Typescript is capable of dependent typing, union types, exhaustive matching and everything needed to achieve this style of programming. It's just not strict.

The other language is rust. Though it's type system is not as expressive as typescript it is strict meaning nobody can really cheat their way out of it. In general Rust code requires less unit tests then typescript because of this.

The other language is Idris and Haskell. But these languages are rarely used.

This article can shed some insight into what I'm talking about: https://wiki.haskell.org/Why_Haskell_just_works#:~:text=The%...