Why aren't they being disrupted by those who have much more efficient operations?
The theory was that Industry 4.0 should somehow change that, at least in Europe, by adding more automation and tech to production. I have seen only 1 factory built that way and, let me say, it was a complete mess IT wise. There is also the issue that the same people that were building factories in the 90s are now also building the "new" factories.