Rad labs volume 2 has a great description of the radio navigation/positioning systems in use at the time: https://archive.org/details/mitradiationlabo0002john/mode/1u...
I believe several of these were also used by civilian aviation before and after the war
TL;DR: both sides used systems with multiple ground antennas that allowed pilots to essentially triangulate their position or at least know they're in a given lane.