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In this case, how would you prevent the user from seeing an invalid foo_vec before initialization? This is either "oh, it's in an illegal state", in which case it's just an annotation without deeper enforcement or you need to somehow enforce that a non-null pointer is never seen, am I not right?

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1. It's not quite trivial to statically disallow use-before-initialization, but it's definitely a solved problem if you disallow returning uninitialized variables.

2. The other option is to disallow declaration without initialization of non-nullable values. If you can't declare an uninitialized foo_vec, then the user can't ever see an invalid foo_vec.

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