It may be pre-conceptions, but after a while you know where to look. Its "imperial"-entitled cultures that produce the most hefty cheaters. "I belong to the cultural, god-chosen center of the universe therefore i excel" as an attitude.

And then there is face-culture, which assumes that everyone puts up a show anyway and the grades are created by a bribe competition of the families heads in some backroom.

There is a reason, why academia refuses to read a ton of papers from certain countries unless they get propelled by other trusted sources to the top of the heap. A mediocre, honest student is worth 20 fake doctors with accolades.

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1296860.pdf

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10805-021-09391-8