The test is quite easy but you wouldn’t notice the defect just like that. Change the background to the dark grey, open up Safari, leave it in one place for two minutes, hide the window. The outline of the address bar was very clearly recognisable on all four machines I tested in the Munich Apple Store.
It’s a bit harder to see on colourful background and you need more than two minutes, but it’s definitely also visible there.
With my replacement the image retention defect also only showed up after one week of daily use.
I think it’s very likely that a large number (likely quite a few more than one percent) are affected by this problem. I think it’s exceedingly unlikely that this is not a problem with shoddy quality control.