I'm way late to think of this and circle back here, but if you don't mind briefly switching languages to F#, I first grasped these concepts via "Designing with types: Making illegal states unrepresentable"

https://fsharpforfunandprofit.com/posts/designing-with-types...

... and I would suggest actively playing around with the code examples, extending them, breaking them intentionally etc. somewhere like https://dotnetfiddle.net/

I think the article is brilliant but as I recall I wasn't able to grasp the concepts from reading alone.

That same website has a separate article on building a calculator (in code) that I recall was also excellent.