Additions and multiplications. People are making it sound like it's complicated, but NNs have the most basic and simple maths behind
The only thing is that nobody understand why they work so well. There are a few function approximation theorems that apply, but nobody really knows how to make them behave as we would like
So basically AI research is 5% "maths", 20% data sourcing and engineering, 50% compute power, and 25% trial and error