As a math/stats guy who picked up more programming along the way, I personally think it's MUCH easier to train a DB guy some business sense than it is for a a business analyst to have Hadoop drilled into them. Of course, the downsides of a coder without sufficient savvy are harder to detect than a numbers guy who can't make his program work, and therein lies your problem.
Or, I guess programmers and engineers could start using the big data tools even though they are not needed. Has anyone ran Hadoop on a single (multi-core) machine for this purpose?
Check out http://www.kdnuggets.com/ for links to large data sets to work on and there are also some on amazon.
Also, yes you can certainly run hadoop on a single instance, but once you get into "real big" sizes you'll need a cluster to demonstrate expertise, be it on your local machines at your house or on a set of VPS or EC2 or whatever.