The wheel basically contains a compiled ~53MB (huh, it's grown in recent versions) Rust executable and a few boilerplate files and folders to make that play nice with the Python packaging ecosystem. (It actually does create an importable `uv` module, but this basically just defines a function that tells you the path to the executable.)
If you want it in your system environment, you may be out of luck, but check your full set of options at https://docs.astral.sh/uv/getting-started/installation/ .
The install script does a ton of system introspection. It seems to be structured quite similarly to the Julia installer, actually.
That was silly of me; since all you need is the compiled executable, you can just move it to an appropriate place (that doesn't interfere with the system package manager; so, /usr/local/bin, or /opt/bin) after user installation.