I didn't realized when I started writing this, but apparently even so-called "degoogled"* operating systems use some Google services. For example, LineageOS still talks to Google in order to check DNS connectivity and for Widevine DRM, among other things listed in the table.
GrapheneOS seems to be the only Android-based operating system that really doesn't communicate with Google at all by default, but if your main goal is to avoid Google Play Services, then there are other options.
*"degoogled" seems to be a term people use to describe operating systems even if the operating system page does not describe the OS that way.
[1] https://fsfe.org/activities/android/liberate.en.html#OS [2] https://eylenburg.github.io/android_comparison.htm