C# definitely does [1] and has intrinsics that allow auto-fallback (in the JIT compilation phase) to the most supported SIMD instructions (and in-software implementation if non are); it has a lot of low-level coding primitives that are picked up by the JIT compiler and optimised. I would assume JVM based languages too.
[1] https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.runtime....