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Parmesan is just French and English for parmigiano, in the EU both names are protected. The generic equivalent would be hard granular/grating cheese.

Yep, but here in the US if you ask a store clerk for parmesan you'll often end up with this, which is not protected other than by the plastic bottle it comes in: https://kraftnaturalcheese.com/product/grated-cheese/parmesa...