> Energy, land and row [raw] materials will be the main limiting factors.
For humans, I think these are limitations because of time and scarcity, but mainly time - given sufficient time, humans can gather all of these. But individual humans do not have indefinite amounts of time. So energy, land and raw materials are scarce for individual humans, and they ascribe value to these.
For machines, I think any limitations on energy, land and raw materials would be a temporary situation, because time isn't the same for machines - a machine could simply keep doing what it's doing until it runs out of energy - which is infinite coming from the sun. Or at least until the energy budget of the population of machines exceeds the energy supplied from the sun. But that won't happen for a while. And parts that wear down are simply replaced.
On a planet as large as the Earth, again, land and raw material limitations are a non-factor until the entirety of the Earth is converted to machines, assuming the energy from the sun is sufficient to account for the conversion.
What would be the timeline for this transition from human society to self-sustaining machine society? I think this might be a question for someone smarter than me (i.e., gpt or claude). I wonder if there aren't already people modeling this scenario to estimate timelines.