I mean no cap gains.
So if your company gives you something worth 1M, then yes, you have to pay taxes right there, that's not what I mean, I mean on the cap gains.
A company gives you options but at market value, they are worth $0 when they give them to you, just like if you incorporate a company, shares are worth some nominal amount.
You give the equity - not the realized gains later.
The problem with cap gains is they are deferred. Musk takes loans against his equity and never pays taxes.
Musk can move to the lowest tax regime, pay taxes on massive cap gains, and then move somewhere else. That's bad.
To avoid that, the equity is allocated instead of the cash and it's allocated at the start, not the end. Or in the relevant locale.
It means he owes state of Cali 1/3 of SpaceX, irrespective of where he moves.
Another way to do it, would be to make people pay up when they change tax domicile.
So if Musk moves from Cali to Texas, he has to pay his tax bill on the way out at 'market rates'. And he's 'zeroed out' when he moves to Texas. Any further gains made in TX, he pays in TX.
That becomes a problem with private ownership etc.