`poetry install` does the same thing except for downloading Python.
I transitioned from Poetry to uv. Other than being mildly faster and providing workspaces, uv doesn't really change at all how one interacts with and manages a project. And in fact, uv just adds additional quirks and gotchas and limitations, including storing authorization keys in plain text.
uv also duplicated things in the Python ecosystem but then didn't implement the same feature sets, so you often end up needing to call the existing tool, just like you did in Poetry.