To add to this I think there are “reductionist sciences” and “systems sciences”. Reductionist sciences are ones, like physics where there are lots of copies of a thing with near identical properties at different scales (the periodic table would be considered an incredibly short list and that seems to be one of the longest list of “different things” in physics).

Systems sciences are ones where each scale has lots of things with unique properties. If you think of “biological things between 2-4m” the amount of unique objects with unique properties and unique interactions is absolutely mind boggling. These sciences generally do not lend themselves to clean highly parsimonious models. The best you can do is coarse-grain a thing as a system (some very roughly defined set of interactions between different things) with certain behavior while accepting that you are losing enormous amounts of predictive power.

I suspect AI will remain worse at systems sciences for a long time because the “possible space” of models for a particular system is much larger than in the reductionist sciences and navigating it takes a human taste and instinct that LLMs don’t seem to have (yet).